STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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812 Drilling and Well Completions Figure 4-167. Locations of wear on fixed-cutter bit [55]. (Courtesy SPE.) POST OR STUD CUTTERS No KRN BROKEN LOST LOST WEAR CUTTER CUTTER CUTTER CUTTER cwn (BT) (LT) (LT) CYLINDER CUTTERS No m3RN LOST LOST WEAR CUTTER CUTTER QlTTER (WT) (LT) (LT) Figure 4-1 68. Schematic of common dull characteristics (551. (Courtesy SPE.) the bit was pulled is shown in the eighth space using the list of codes shown in Figure 4-165. Downhole Tools Downhole drilling tools are the components of the lower part of a drill string used in normal drilling operations such as the drill bits, drill collars, stabilizers, shock absorbers, hole openers, underreamers, drilling jars as well as a variety of drill stem subs.
Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 813 As drill bits, drill collars and drill stem subs are discussed elsewhere this section regards shock absorbers, jars, underreamers, and stabilizers. Shock Absorbers Extreme vertical vibration throughout the drill string are caused by hard, broken or changing formations, and the drilling bit chafing against the bottom formation as it rotates. In shallow wells, the drill string transmits the vibration oscillations all the way to the crown block of the drilling rig. The affect can be devastating as welds fail, seams split and drill string connections break down under the accelerated fatigue caused by the vibrations. In deep holes, these vibrations are rarely noticed due to elasticity and self-dampening effect of the long drill string. Unfortunately, the danger of fatigw still goes on and has resulted in many fishing operations. The drill string vibration dampeners are used to absorb and transfer the shock of drilling to the drill collars where it can be borne without damaging or destroying other drill string equipment. Their construction and design vary with each manufacturer. To effectively absorb the vibrations induced by the drill bit, an element with a soft spring action and good dampening characteristics is required. There are six basic spring elements used: (1) vulcanized elastometer, (2) elastomeric element, (3) steel wool, (4) spring steel, (5) Belleville steel springs, (6) gas compression. Types of Shock Absorbers. There are eight commonly used commercial shock absorbers. Drilco Rubber vpe. See Figure 4-169 and Table 4-102 [56]. Shock is absorbed by an elastometer situated between the inner and outer barrels. This shock absorbing element is vulcanized to the barrels. The torque has to be transmitted from the outer into the inner barrel. This tool is able to absorb shocks in axial or in radial directions. There is no need to absorb shocks in the torque because the drill string itself acts like a very good shock absorber so the critical shocks are in axial directions. These tools cannot be used at temperatures above 200°F. Though they produce a small stroke the dampening effect is good [56]. Christensen Shock-Eze. See Figure 4-170 [57]. A double-action vibration and shock absorber employing Belleville spring elements are immersed in oil. The tool features a spline assembly that transmits high torque loads to the bit through its outer tube, while the inner assembly absorbs vibration through a series of steeldisc springs. The spring system works in both suspension and compression. The high shock-absorbing capabilities of this tool are attained by compression of the stack of springs within a stroke of five inches. The alternating action of the patented spring arrangement provides a wide working range, under all possible conditions of thrust and mud pressure drop. Placement of Shock Absorber in Drill String. Many operators have their own way of placing shock absorbers in the drill string (see Figure 4-171) [57]. In general, the optimum shock absorbing effect is obtained by running the tool as near to the bit as possible. With no deviation expected, the tool should be installed immediately above the bit stabilizer as shown in Figure 4-171C. In holes with slight deviation problems, the shock absorber could be run on top of the first or second string stabilizer. For situations where there are severe
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
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654 Drilling and Well Completions R
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656 Drilling and Well Completions R
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Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
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80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
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~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
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~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
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Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
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Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
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~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
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6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
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~ . Drill String: Composition and D
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Page 285 and 286: Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
Page 287 and 288: ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
Page 303 and 304: The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
Page 311 and 312: Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
Page 321 and 322: ~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
Page 327: Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 81
Page 345 and 346: DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Page 349 and 350: Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Page 353 and 354: Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
Page 355 and 356: AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
Page 357 and 358: Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
Page 359 and 360: ~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
Page 361 and 362: Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
Page 363 and 364: Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
Page 365 and 366: Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
Page 367 and 368: Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
Page 369 and 370: Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
Page 371 and 372: Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
Page 373 and 374: Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Page 377 and 378: Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
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MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
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MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
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MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
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MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
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MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
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MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
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MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
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MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
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Demonstration, Transmit a range of
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~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
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~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
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MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
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MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
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MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
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MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
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MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
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MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
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MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
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MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
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MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
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MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
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MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
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MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
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MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
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MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
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MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
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MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
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MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
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MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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