STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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978 Drilling and Well Completions Focused Current Resistivity. Focused resistivity devices are particularly suited for wells where highly conductive drilling muds are used, where relatively high formation resitivities are encountered and where large resistivity contrasts are expected. The focused current system employs the guarded electrode design shown in Figure 4-274. W u Figure 4-274. Block diagram of an LWD focused current system. (Courtesy SPE [114].)
MWD and LWD 979 The system is similar to the laterolog 3 used in wireline logging. A constant 1-k Hz AC voltage is maintained for all electrodes. The current flowing through the center electrode is measured. The resistivity range is 0.1 to 1000 C2.m. Beds as thin as 6 in. (15 cm) can be adequately delineated. Electromagnetic Resistivity. The measurement in electromagnetic resistivity systems is similar to the wireline induction sonde resistivity. The frequency used is 2 MHz instead of 20 kHz. This is due to the drill collars steel that would completely destroy a 20-kHz signal. Early systems had one transmitter coil and two receiver coils. Systems presently in use have two to four transmitters allowing the recording of many curves with different depths of investigation. Figure 4-275a shows the CDR, compensated dual resistivity tool of Anadrill. Figure 4-275b is a schematic of the operating principle. Two signals are measured: the wave amplitude reduction and the wave phase shift. Two values of the resistivity can be calculated. The wave amplitude resistivity (Rat,) appears to have a deep investigation radius: 35 to 65 in. according to the formation resistivity. The phase shift resistivity (Rp,) appears to have a shallow investigation radius: 20 to 45 in. An example of tool response is given in Figure 4-276. The deep penetration curve reads a value close to the noninvaded zone resistivity and the shallow penetration curve reads a value much lower than the invaded zone resistivity. The resistivity ranges for an acceptable accuracy are 0.15 to 50 a* m for the deep investigation radius (R,) and 0.15 to 200 R*m for the shallow investigation radius (Rp,). The vertical resolution is 6 in. (15 cm). Toroidal System Resistivity (after Gearhart-Halliburton). The system uses one toroidal transmitter operating at 1 kHz and a pair of toroidal receiver coils mounted on the drill collars. Figure 4-277 shows a sketch of a toroid. The winding of the toroid acts as a transformer primary and the drill collar as the secondary. The current lines induced by the drill collar are shown in Figure 4-278. The drill collar acts as a series of elongated electrodes in a way similar to the laterolog 3 wireline sonde. The lower electrode, which is the drill bit, is used to get the “forward” resistivity curve. A lateral resistivity measurement is made between the two toroid receivers. An example of toroid logs is shown in Figure 4-279. The readings of both toroid curves seem to follow closely the ILd and ILm curves. Example 15: Gamma Ray and Resistivity Interpretation A typical set of logs recorded while drilling is shown in Figure 4-280. The wireline caliper is shown in the gamma ray track. Displayed on this attachment are gamma ray, RN,a curve, Pe curve, neutron and density curve. The delta-rho curve is the quality curve check for the density log. 1. Draw a lithology description in the depth column. 2. Is the clean formation permeable? Why? 3. Does the porous zone contain hydrocarbons? What type? Give the boundaries. 4. Determine R,. 5. Compute the hydrocarbon saturation at 8400 ft assuming a = 1 and m = 2. (text continued on page 982)
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
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654 Drilling and Well Completions R
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656 Drilling and Well Completions R
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Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
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80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
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~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
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~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
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Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
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Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
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~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
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6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
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~ . Drill String: Composition and D
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Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
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~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
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The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
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Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
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~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
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DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
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AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
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Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
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~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
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Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
Page 443 and 444: MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
Page 445 and 446: MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
Page 447 and 448: MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
Page 449 and 450: MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
Page 451 and 452: MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
Page 453 and 454: MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
Page 455 and 456: MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
Page 457 and 458: MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
Page 459 and 460: Demonstration, Transmit a range of
Page 461 and 462: ~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
Page 463 and 464: ~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
Page 465 and 466: MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
Page 467 and 468: MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
Page 469 and 470: MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
Page 471 and 472: MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
Page 473 and 474: MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
Page 475 and 476: MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
Page 477 and 478: MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
Page 479 and 480: MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
Page 481 and 482: MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
Page 483 and 484: MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
Page 485 and 486: MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
Page 487 and 488: MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
Page 489 and 490: MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
Page 491 and 492: MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
Page 493: MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
Page 497 and 498: MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
Page 499 and 500: MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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