Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

More documents

Recommendations

Info

(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) The crop coefficient (Kc) is "the ratio between ET c , and ET o " and depends basically on the crop characteristics, the sowing or planting dates, the development rate of the crop, the length of the cycle, the climatic conditions and the irrigation frequency, especially at the beginning of the cycle (Doorembos et al, 1976). In greenhouses, the class A pan evaporation method, as well as the radiation (FAO) and Priestley-Taylor methods, have been proposed as the more reliable for ET, estimation, for periods of several days (Castilla et al, 1990-B). The difficulty of an accurate measurement of the wind inside the greenhouse (Castilla et al, 1990-B) limits the use of the Penman method. The ease of management of the evaporation pan, without sophisticated equipment, is remarkable, but a proper pan placement is necessary. The crop coefficient figures for different vegetable crops under greenhouses have been estimated (Castilla, 1989; Castilla et al, 1990-B; Martinez et al, 1990; Veschambre et al, 1980). When using the class A pan method: ET o =K p x E o Kp = pan coefficient E, = pan evaporation ET c =Kc x ETo=K c x K p x E o =K x E o … (3) Where K= K p x K c … (4) Recent studies show that Kp inside the greenhouse is approximately 1.0 (Sirjacobs, 1986; Castilla, 1986; Castilla et al, 1990-B), higher than open-air values (Doorembos et al, 1979). The crop coefficient evolution and values for different vegetable crops are presented in table 1. Recent research in the Almeria area confirms the K values detailed in Table 1, pointing that Kp is around 0.8-0.9, but the quantified values of Kc are higher than those described in the literature(Doorembos et al, 1976), being the products of both coefficients (Kp xKc) similar to those indicated in Table 1. Table 1: Crop coefficient values for different vegetable crops in a plastic green house in Almeria, using drip irrigation. Days after Tomato Capsicum Cucumber Melon Watermelon Beans Eggplant sowing or transplanting 1-15 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.20 16-30 0.50 0.30 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.35 31-45 0.65 0.40 0.80 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.55 46-60 0.90 0.55 1.00 0.55 0.50 0.90 0.70 61-75 1.10 0.70 1.10 0.70 0.65 1.00 0.90 76-90 1.20 0.90 1.10 0.90 0.80 1.10 1.10 91-105 1.20 1.10 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.05 106-120 1.10 1.10 0.85 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.95 121-135 1.00 1.00 - 1.10 0.90 - 0.85 136-150 0.95 0.90 - 1.00 - - 0.80 151-165 0.85 0.70 - - - - 0.80 166-180 0.80 0.60 - - - - 0.80 - 105 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) 181-195 0.80 0.50 - - - - 0.80 196-210 0.80 0.50 - - - - 0.80 211-225 - 0.60 - - - - 0.80 226-240 - 0.70 - - - - 0.60 241-255 - 0.80 - - - - 0.60 TOT ET c 318 322 156 349 290 146 393 The net irrigation requirements (IRn) must replenish the crop evapotranspirated water (ET,), as rainfall and other components of the water balance are normally unimportant in greenhouses in the Mediterranean area. The gross irrigation requirements (IR) must increase the IRn, in order to compensate the irrigation efficiency and to leach salts. … (5) Where Ea, = irrigation efficiency coefficient (smaller crop root zone to be used by the crop/applied water. Ea=Ks x Eu … (6) Ks is a coefficient (smaller than 1) which expresses the water storage efficiency of the soil (0.9 in sandy soils, 1.O in clay or loam soils). Eu is a coefficient (smaller than 1) which reflects the uniformity of water application (a properly designed and well managed drip system should reach Eu values of 0.85-0.95). This coefficient should be measured for each system regularly (Vermeiren et a1 980). LR: minimum amount of leaching needed to control salts with drip irrigation ECw: electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (dS/m) … (7) ECe: maximum electrical conductivity (dS/m) of the soil saturation extract due to crop withdrawal of soil water to meet its evapotranspiration demand. Typical max ECe values are 12.5 in tomato, 10.0 in cucumber, 8.5 in pepper 6.5 in bean. Recent research shows that the leaching requirements could be lower than the indicated values (Stegman et al, 1980). A study conducted at department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar showed that (Fig 2 to 5) the water requirement for capsicum varies from 0.90lpd/plant to 0.8519lpd/plant for open conditions, 0.067lpd/plant to 0.474lpd/plant for 35% shading conditions, 0.0675lpd/plant to 0.4605lpd/plant for 50% shading conditions and 0.052lpd/plant to 0.423lpd/plant for 75% shading condition (Fig 1). The water requirement for tomato varies from 0.090pd to .93lpd/plant for open conditions, 0.067lpd/plant to 0.63lpd/plant for 35% shading conditions, 0.067lpd/plant to 0.62lpd/plant for 50% shading conditions and 0.059lpd/plant to 0.46lpd/plant for 75% shading condition (Fig 2). The water requirement for cucumber varies from 0.051lpd/plant to 0.81lpd/plant for open conditions, 0.0385lpd/plant to 0.545lpd/plant for 35% shading conditions, 0.038lpd/plant to 0.529lpd/plant for 50% shading conditions and 0.030pd to - 106 -
Page 1 and 2:
CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
Page 5 and 6:
REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
Page 7 and 8:
and extension literature that have
Page 9 and 10:
discussions. No doubt the course is
Page 11 and 12:
(Diseases and Management of Crops u
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64: (Diseases and Management of Crops u
Page 69 and 70: Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
Page 77 and 78: Chemical Control Chemical Abamectin
Page 113: (Diseases and Management of Crops u
Page 117 and 118: Water Requirement (lpd/plant) (Dise
Page 119 and 120: clear (Boulard et al, 1989). (Disea
Page 135 and 136: Quantity in MT (Diseases and Manage
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Risks of biocontrol agents: (Diseas
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
4. High value off season vegetable
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
Page 269 and 270:
9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
Page 271 and 272:
TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
Page 273 and 274:
ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
Page 275 and 276:
14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
Page 277:
Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
show all

Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?