Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) Importance of Protected Crops for Plant Production Greenhouses were initially built in areas with long, cold seasons to produce out-of season vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants. Northern Europe is the paradigm of pioneering areas of greenhouse cultivation. Greenhouses protect crops against cold, rain, hail and wind, providing plants with improved environmental conditions compared to the open field. In greenhouses, crops can be produced out-of-season year-round with yields and qualities higher than those produced in the open field. Greenhouses have also allowed the introduction of new crops, normally foreign to the region (Germing, 1985). There are two basic types of greenhouse. The first type seeks maximum control in an environment to optimize productivity. In Europe, optimal conditions for year-round production are provided in the glasshouses of The Netherlands, Belgium, the UK and Scandinavia. The other type of greenhouse, which is very common throughout the Mediterranean area, provides minimal climatic control, enabling the plants grown inside to adapt to suboptimal conditions, survive and produce an economic yield (Enoch, 1986; Tognoni and Serra, 1989; Castilla, 1994). Reuveni et al,. (1989) observed a reduction in the number of infection sites of B. cinerea on tomato and cucumber when a UV-absorbing material was added to polyethylene film to increase the ratio of blue light to transmitted UV light. Blue photo selective polyethylene sheets have been suggested for their ability to reduce grey mould on tomato (Reuveni and Raviv, 1992) and downy mildew on cucumber (Reuveni and Raviv, 1997). Green-pigmented polyethylene reduced the conidial load and grey mould in commercial tomato and cucumber greenhouses by 35–75%. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on cucumber, Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. (= Cladosporium fulvum Cooke) on tomato and cucumber powdery mildew were also reduced (Elad, 1997). The influence of greenhouse structures and covers on greenhouse climatic regimes may have strong consequences for pests and their natural enemies, as they have for diseases. In hightech greenhouses, regulation of temperature and water pressure deficit enables the creation of conditions less favorable to pathogens and, in some cases, more favorable to bio control agents. The use of heating to limit development of a number of pathogens is well known (Jarvis, 1992). The use of high root temperatures in winter grown tomatoes in rock wool offers a non-chemical method of controlling root rot caused by Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Lafferty. The high temperature was shown to enhance root growth while simultaneously suppressing inoculum potential and infection, and, consequently, reducing or preventing aerial symptoms (Kennedy and Pegg, 1990). Careful control of the temperature also proved important in the case of hydroponically grown spinach and lettuce, in which it prevented or reduced attack by both Pythium dissotocum Drechs. and Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Bates and Stanghellini, 1984). Recently, attacks of P. aphanidermatum on nutrient film technique (NFT) grown lettuce in Italy were related to the high temperature (>29°C) of the nutrient solution. Root rot was inhibited by reducing the temperature below 24°C (Carrai, 1993).Productivity is manifold in greenhouses in - 31 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) comparison to growing the vegetables in open field as shown in the table below: Table: Performance of tomato varieties under polyhouse and open field conditions in NEH region (Barapani) Varieties Polyhouse Open field Varieties Polyhouse Open field yield (q/ha) yield (q/ha) yield (q/ha) yield (q/ha) BT-117-5-3-1 342.00 115.00 selection-2 233.00 73.83 KT-10 283.60 117.40 selection-1 2000.98 84.03 BT-10 294.00 111.65 KT-15 211.60 51.65 Arka Alok 260.00 57.90 H-24 143.17 58.75 BT-12 302.40 101.00 Arka Abha 193.50 70.33 Status Commercial greenhouses with climate-controlled devices are very few in the country. Solar Green houses comprising of glass and polyethylene houses are becoming increasingly popular both in temperate and tropical regions. In comparison to other countries, India has very little area under greenhouses as is evident from Table below: Table: Approximate area (ha) under greenhouses Country Area Country Area Japan 54000 Turkey 10000 China 48000 Holland 9600 Spain 25000 USA 4000 South Korea 21000 Israel 1500 Italy 18500 India 3000 Purpose of Glasshouse 1. The purpose of growing crops under greenhouse conditions is to extend their cropping season and to protect them from adverse environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures and precipitation, and from diseases and pests 2. Greenhouse production normally requires a high level of technology to obtain adequate economic returns on investments Problems in glasshouses 1. Normally value added crops are grown under protection most of them are laboure intensive and energy demanding during cold weather 2. Normally high level of technology to obtain adequate economic returns 3. Quality is a high priority for greenhouse crops, requiring much care in pest and disease management, not only to secure yields but cosmetic standard 4. Continues cropping is practiced ,without a fallow--- it leads to the build-up of soil- borne and foliar pathogens 5. This can generate chronic stress conditions ,which are conducive to some pests and diseases - 32 -
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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