Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) 8. Other Aspects of Drip Irrigation Management Well-designed drip irrigation systems must apply the water uniformly, in such a way that the different emitters discharge almost the same rate. A good management must maintain a good emission uniformity that is easy to quantify. Physical, chemical and biological agents can be responsible of the emission uniformity decay, due to clogging. Physical clogging can be prevented with a good filtration of the water and regular flushing of the lines and emitters. Chemicals clogging are normally originated when the soluble salts precipitate on emitters as water evaporates from emitter surfaces between irrigation runs. Injected chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) are also responsible for frequent clogging. Most cases of chemical clogging can be solved by acid treatment or injection. Acid injection to reduce the pH of water between 1 and 2 should be adequate, while, in severe clogging cases, emitters must be soaked in dilute acid solution (approx. 1%) and even cleaned individually (Fereres, 198l). Acids are highly corrosive and extreme caution must be observed with their use. Surfaces in contact with acid solutions should be of stainless steel or plastic, and must be rinsed well after contact with acid. The biological clogging can be solved with the injection of a biocide followed by flushing to clear the system of organic matter. Conclusion A well designed microirrigation system must be properly managed to attain a high level of application uniformity in order to obtain a fairly good water use efficiency. The use of Class A evaporation pan radiation method and tensiometers may be helpful for the estimation of water requirement and irrigation scheduling. Various other techniques such as use of mulch can be used to further enhance the water and nutrient use efficiency along with improving the quality of produce and precise resource savings. Automation further reduces the manual intervention and increases the input use efficiency. REFERENCES • Ayers, R.S., Westocot, D.W. 1976. Calidad del agua para la agricultura. Estudio FAO: Riego y Drenaje n°29. FAO. Roma. 85 pp. • Boulard, T., Baille, A., Lagier, J., Mermierm, M. 1989. Watervapor transfer and dehumidification in a inflatable plastic greenhouse. Acta Hort. 245: 462-469. • Boulard, T., Baille, A., Gall, F.L., 1991. Etude de différentes méthodes de refroidissernent sur le climat et la transpiration de tomates de serre. Agronomie, 11: 543-553. • Castilla, N., 1986, Contribucion al estudio de los cultivos enarenados en Almería: Necesidades hídricas y extracción de nutrientes del cultivo de tomate de crecimiento indetermineando en abrigo de polietileno. Tesis Doctoral. Caja Rural Provincial. Almería. 196 pp. • Castilla, N., 1989. Programation de l'irrigation gouteà-goutte en serre plastique non chauffée. Plasticulture, 82:59-63. • Castilla, N., 1990. Technology transfer on the use of localized irrigation. Proc. XI Int. Congr. "The use of plastics in Agriculture". New Delhi. India. Vol l-B: 33-39. - 113 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) • Castilla, N., Fereres, E. 1990-B. The climate and water requirements of tomatoes in unheated plastic greenhouses. Agricoltura Mediterranea 120: 268-274. • Castilla, N., Fereres, E., 1990-C. Tomato growth and yield in unheated plastic greenhouse under Mediterranean climate. Agric. Medit. 120(1): 31-40. • Castilla, N., 1994. Greenhouses in the Mediterranean area: Technological level and strategic management. Acta Hort. 361: 44-56. • Castilla, N., 2000. Greenhouse drip irrigation management and water saving. Cashiers Options Mediterraneennes , 31: 189-202. • Doorembos, J., Pruitt,W.O. 1976. Las necesidades de agua de los cultivos. Estudio FAO: Riego y Drenaje n" 24. FAO. Roma. 194pp. • Fereres, E. 1981. Drip irrigation management. Univ. of California. Berkeley (Calif). 39pp • Hanan, J.J. 1990. The influence of greenhouse on internal climate with special reference to Mediterranean regions. Acta Horticulturae 287:23-34. • Martinez , A. and Castilla, N.1990. Evapotranspiración del pimiento en invernadero en Almería. ITEA, 85: 57-62. • Orgaz, F., Bonachela, S. Cuevas, R., Rios, E., Fereres, E., Escalada, S. NMontero, J.I., Lopez, J., Castilla, N.G 1986. Evaluación de sistemas de riego localizado en cultivos bajo invemd la provincia de Almería. ActaIsI Congreso Nacional de S.E.C.H. C6rdoba (Españaj. vol.1: 509-517. • Rana, S. and Sah, R. 2010. Study of the effect of protected environment on pan evaporation and water requirement of different vegetables. U. G. Dissertation, GBPUA&T., Pantnagar • Sirjacobs, M. 1986. Protected cultivation of sweet pepper in arid zone: Evaluation of water requirements and amounts per watering. Acta Horticulturae, 191:199-207. • Stanghellini,C., 1993. Evapotranspiration in greenhouses with special reference to Mediterranean conditions. Acta Hort. 335: 295-304. • Stanghellini, C. 1994. Balance hídrico y manejo de microclima en invernadero. IT[." Tecnología de invernaderos". Alvarez and Parra (Ed.) Junta de Andalucía. Almería (Spain):49-62. • Stegman,E., Musick J., Stwart, J. 1980. Irrigation water management. In: "Design and operation of farm irrigation system". JENSEN M.E. (Ed), ASAE Monograph n°3. Michigan(USA ): 763-816. • Vermeiren, I., Jobling., G.A. 1980. Localized irrigation: design, installation, operation, evaluation FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper n"36F. AO. Roma. 203 pp. • Veschambre, D., P.vaYsse. 1980. Mémento goutte a goutte: Guide pratique de la micro-irrigation par goíìteur et diffuseur. C.T.I.F.L. Paris2. 04 pp. • Villele, O., 1984. Les besoins en eau des cultures sous serre. Com. Troisième Journee Nationales des Techniques Horticoles dePoints. Hortiforum-84. Orleans. 15 pp. - 114 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
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Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
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4. High value off season vegetable
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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