Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

More documents

Recommendations

Info

(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) Factors Favorable to Pest and Disease Development: Well-grown and productive crops are generally less susceptible to diseases, but in many cases compromises have to be made between optimum conditions for economic productivity and conditions for disease and pest prevention. Well-fertilized and irrigated crops are, however, often more sensitive to pests, like aphids, whiteflies and leafminers. High host plant densities and the resulting microclimate are favorable to disease spread. Air exchange with the outside is restricted, so water vapour transpired by the plants and evaporated from warm soil tends to accumulate, creating a low vapour pressure deficit (high humidity). Therefore, the environment is generally warm, humid and wind-free inside the greenhouse. Such an environment promotes the fast growth of most crops, but it is also ideal for the development of bacterial and fungal diseases (Baker and Linderman, 1979; Fletcher, 1984; Jarvis, 1992), of insects vectoring viruses and of herbivorous insects. For bacteria and many fungi (causal agents of rusts, downy mildews, anthracnose, grey mould, etc.) Greenhouses are designed to protect crops from many adverse conditions, but most pathogens and several pests are impossible to exclude. Windblown spores and aerosols containing bacteria enter doorways and ventilators; soilborne pathogens enter in windblown dust, and adhere to footwear and machinery. Aquatic fungi can be present in irrigation water; insects that enter the greenhouse can transmit viruses and can carry bacteria and fungi as well. Once inside a greenhouse, pathogens and pests are difficult to eradicate. Problems in protected cultivation Greenhouses are designed to protect crops from many adverse conditions, but most pathogens and several pests are impossible to exclude as: 1. Windblown spores and aerosols containing bacteria enter doorways and ventilators 2. Soil-borne pathogens enter in windblown dust, and adhere to footwear and machinery 3. Aquatic fungi can be present in irrigation water 4. Insects that enter the greenhouse can transmit viruses and can carry bacteria and fungi as well 5. Once inside a greenhouse, pathogens and pests are difficult to eradicate eg. leach Factors Stimulating Sustainable Forms of Crop Protection in Protected Cultivation: Protected cultivation is an extremely high-input procedure to obtain food and other agricultural products per unit of land, although inputs are the lowest when related to the yield per area. Among the factors stimulating sustainable forms of crop protection are the following: 1. Consumer concern about chemical residues. 2. Pesticide-resistance in pests and pathogens. 3. Side-effects of chemical application are increasingly observed in old and new growing areas. 4. Efficacy: Some pests and diseases are difficult – sometimes impossible – to control if an integrated approach is not adopted. - 33 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) Sometimes this can be achieved cheaply – in both economic and energetic terms – By means of correct crop and management practices. As mentioned before, the most damaging pests and many pathogens in greenhouses are polyphagous; although they are able to develop on many host plants, their negative effect on yield varies with host plant species and cultivar. The development of cultivars which are less susceptible to pests and diseases or that favour the activity of pest natural enemies is undoubtedly one of the most sustainable ways to control diseases in greenhouses and its potential for pests has been shown in a few but significant cases. REFERENCE • Baker, K.F. and Linderman, R.G. (1979) Unique features of the pathology of ornamental plants, Annual Review Phytopathology 17, 253–277. • Bates, M.L. and Stanghellini, M.E. (1984) Root rot of hydroponically grown spinach caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. dissotocum, Plant Disease 68, 989–991. • Carrai, C. (1993) Marciume radicale su lattuga allevata in impianti NFT, Colture Protette 22(6), 77–81. • Castilla, N. (1994) Greenhouses in the Mediterranean area: Technological level and strategic management, Acta Horticulturae 361, 44–56. • Enoch, H.Z. (1986) Climate and protected cultivation, Acta Horticulturae 176, 11–20. • Fletcher, J.T. (1984) Diseases of Greenhouse Plants, Longman, London. • Germing, G.H. (1985) Greenhouse design and cladding materials: A summarizing review, Acta • Hanan, J.J., Holley, W.D. and Goldsberry, K.L. (1978) Greenhouse Management, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Horticulturae 170, 253–257. • Jarvis, W.R. (1992) Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops, American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, Minn. • Kennedy, R. and Pegg, G.F. (1990) Phytophthora cryptogea root rot of tomato in rock wool nutrient culture. III. Effect of root zone temperature on infection, sporulation and symptom development, Annals of Applied Biology 117, 537–551. • Reuveni, R. and Raviv, M. (1992) The effect of spectrally-modified polyethylene films on the development of Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse grown tomato plants, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 9, 77–86. • Reuveni, R. and Raviv, M. (1997) Control of downy mildew in greenhouse-grown cucumbers using blue photoselective polyethylene sheets, Plant Disease 81, 999–1004. • Reuveni, R., Raviv, M. and Bar, R. (1989) Sporulation of Botrytis cinerea as affected by photoselective sheets and filters, Annals of Applied Biology 115, 417–424. • Tognoni, F. and Serra, G. (1989) The greenhouse in horticulture: The contribution of biological research, Acta Horticulturae 245, 46–52. • Wittwer, S.H. and Castilla, N. (1995) Protected cultivation of horticultural crops worldwide, • HortTechnology 5, 6–23. - 34 -
Page 1 and 2: CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
Page 5 and 6: REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
Page 7 and 8: and extension literature that have
Page 9 and 10: discussions. No doubt the course is
Page 11 and 12: (Diseases and Management of Crops u
Page 35 and 36: Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
Page 41: (Diseases and Management of Crops u
Page 69 and 70: Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
Page 77 and 78: Chemical Control Chemical Abamectin
Page 93 and 94:
(Diseases and Management of Crops u
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Water Requirement (lpd/plant) (Dise
Page 119 and 120:
clear (Boulard et al, 1989). (Disea
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Quantity in MT (Diseases and Manage
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Risks of biocontrol agents: (Diseas
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
4. High value off season vegetable
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
Page 269 and 270:
9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
Page 271 and 272:
TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
Page 273 and 274:
ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
Page 275 and 276:
14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
Page 277:
Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
show all

Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?