Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) • The small quantity of water trapped inside the small pieces turns to vapor during heating and puffs out the perlite pieces. • Expanded perlite is white, lightweight, and inert. It is capable of retaining water, air, and nutrients and it provides optimum air-water relationship. • Perlite is a good growing medium and it can be reused for many years. Tools for Success Greenhouse tomato growers should strive to maximize their production from a limited space area. To achieve their goal, growers have to purchase and know how to operate several tools to avoid making serious mistakes during the course of production. 1. Thermometers • A minimum/ maximum thermometer is a must for greenhouse tomato growers. • Temperature in the greenhouse has a great influence on nutrient uptake, plant growth, pollination, fruit set, fruit cracking, etc. • Locate the thermometer at the center of the house and at the plant level not facing the sun. • Every effort should be made to keep temperature within the acceptable range for maximum yield and quality (63-68 °F at night and 75- 80 °F during the day). Night temperature above 68 °F and day temperature above 85 °F will lead to poor production of pollens and poor fruit set and fruit color. 2. Humidity meters • Best pollination can be achieved when humidity ranges between 60 and 80%. • Less than 60% relative humidity can result in a dry stigma and reduce germination of the pollen grains and fruit set. • Growers should use these meters to adjust for the desired level of relative humidity. • Condensed moisture on the leaves can have an impact on the spread of botrytis disease. • High relative humidity in the greenhouse will result in less transpiration leading to less movement of calcium to the fruit and a higher incidence of blossom end rot. • The damage caused by botrytis with minimum or no use of fungicides can be achieved by running the horizontal fans continuously, periodic running of the exhaust fans, allowing fresh air to enter the greenhouse even in rainy days. • Good sanitation is a must. 3. pH meters • Ideally the pH of the nutrient solution should be between 5.6 and 6.3. • Growers should invest in buying a good quality pH meter and regularly check the pH of the nutrient solution as well as the pH of the growing medium. • Wait about one hour after irrigation and use a sampling tube to take a sample to a depth of 5 to 8 inches from 5 growing bags selected at random and gently squeeze the nutrients and measure the pH. Do this once a week or every two weeks at the most. - 83 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) • The pH meter should be calibrated before use to assure accurate readings. • Solubility of mineral nutrients, particularly micro-nutrients, is dramatically affected by media pH. • Iron, manganese, boron, copper, and zinc are most soluble below pH 5.5 and may be available at toxic levels if the pH is below 5.0. • At low pH, hydrogen ions saturate media exchange sites and increase the potential for leaching and losing nutrient cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and ammonium. • High media pH can cause micro nutrient deficiencies even when the micro nutrients are there. • Chlorosis of the upper portion of the plant is often caused by high media pH. 4. Electrical conductivity (EC) meters • These meters are used to estimate soluble salts in water which are usually measured by their electrical conductivity. EC meters express EC as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), deciSiemens per meter (dS/m), or milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm). They are equivalent units of measure. • Analysis should be made for the nutrient feed solution and for the root medium. • The EC measurement alone does not indicate the types of fertilizer in the nutrient solution, but this measurement can provide a good indication of the total amount of fertilizer being applied. • A root-zone EC of above 2.5 mS/cm should alert growers that salt buildup is becoming serious and flushing the growing medium may be necessary. It is important to know the water’s EC before mixing the fertilizer and if it is high for the tomato crop, it may be necessary to find another source or to purify the water. An EC of 1.5 to 2.5 mS/cm is good for a mature tomato crop. Starting a tomato crop Selecting a variety • Generally indeterminate type growth habit is suitable for greenhouse conditions. Do not use varieties developed for field production in the greenhouse. The seeds are cheaper, but they are less adapted to greenhouse low light conditions and disease pressure. • Two varieties suitable for greenhouse conditions developed from Pantnagar viz. Pant polyhouse bred tomato-2 and Pant polyhouse hybrid tomato-1. Himsona, Badshah, Vaishali are few indeterminate cultivars from private sectors doing well under greenhouse conditions. How many crops to raise every year The long season crop • Seeds were planted in germination trays in late September. - 84 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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