Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) An Overview on Seed-borne Diseases and Effective Protection against Them Karuna Vishunavat Department of Plant Pathology, G.B.P.U.A&T., Pantnagar- 263 145 (UK) There are two ways for improving the output of food production: 1. Increase productivity 2. Avoid crop failures This duality hold true, in particularly in relation to the fundamental demand for better seed. For food sufficiency India underwent introduction of new crops or high yielding varieties of indigenous planting material, particularly the seed. Of course, it helped India to sustain its food security via green revolution but at the same time there had been challenges of introduction of many seed-borne plant pathogens which later established or posed problems time to time for successful crop production. Pathogens thus, introduced remained confined to some regions initially, but later spread all over the country. The diseases which used to be of minor importance became the major diseases in the regions where pathogen established and disseminated. There have been the evidences that the infected or contaminated seeds at an early stage can lead to proliferation of microorganisms through out crop production leading to substantial crop losses an at times to epidemic proportion. Thus, the seed which is the key input for all crop cultivation has the potential for trans-boundary spread of plant diseases and serves as primary source of inoculum for disease epidemics. Seeds are both the vectors and victims of diseases. Over the years, there has been a long list of seed-borne pathogens which have been intercepted during cross boundary trade by NBPGR in India through seed or planting material. With the movement of seed, which is often produced in one country, processed and packaged in a second and sold and planted in another, comes an increasing danger of the spread of seed-borne diseases. It is estimated that 30% diseases are of seed borne nature and can be managed through disease-free seeds. The losses due to seed-borne diseases in developing countries are estimated to be 60-80% higher than in industrialized countries. Conservatively estimated, seed-borne diseases cause losses in the order of 50 million ton of food annually. Impact of poor seed health/ seed borne pathogens • Leads to poor seed germination to various degrees, • give rise to pre- and post emergence seedling mortality and progressive disease development in the field and thereby reduces the yield and quality of the crop • contaminate previously disease-free areas, • spread of the diseases across national or international boundaries, • reduce shelf life of the seed, and - 115 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) • affects food safety /mycotoxins /nutritional value. Significance of Seed-borne pathogens In worst-case scenario, seed-borne diseases can be disastrous and even life threatening. Consumption of molded grains of wheat, millet, and barley with Fusarium killed thousands of human beings in the USSR in 1913 after World War II due to toxin production by the fungus. Effect of Seed borne diseases in crop production The major component of losses due to seed borne pathogens are : 1. Quality loss, 2. cost of planting restriction, 3. loss of seed export , 4. additional cost of transportation ,and 5. yield losses. Few examples which exemplify the significance of seed borne pathogens and their effect on seed production are: Blast of rice (Pyricularia oryzae) which had been so much so devastating and was held responsible for famine in Japan in 1930. Yield losses had gone upto 100% due to loose smut in wheat ( Ustilago segatum var. tritici) in Georgia. Brown spot of rice ( Drechslera oryzae) ,a devastating disease, was held partly responsible for Bengal famine in 1942-43 in India. The fungus is major components of the dirty panicle syndrome of rice. Another menace to wheat is glume blotch (Septoria nodurum) , known to be present serious in many European countries , USA and India causing substantial losses in wheat productivity.Losses due to Karnal bunt of wheat in North Western Mexico have been estimated to an average of $7.02 millions/year. An unexpected spread of ergot (Claviceps microcephala) in bajra from multiplication centres in Maharashtra to many region of the states( Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) in India had caused damages to an extent that many crops had to be burnt in order to prevent further ravage and spread(1968). The seed borne nature of blight ( Ascochyta rabiei) has been well known in Punjab and North West UP ( Neergaard 1968). Menace to chickpea by Ascochyta blight ( Ascochyta rabiei) has happened in the year 1982-1984 in India and Pakistan. The diseases occurred in serious proportions and caused substantial yield losses. In severely infected fields no seed setting could be observed. Sunflower downy mildew ( Plasmopara helianthi ) was unknown in India until 1984. In 1985, it has been reported to occur in a serious form in Maharashtra. The causal fungus Plasmopara helianthi is considered to be of North American in origin. It has been distributed rapidly by seed trade. Observations indicated the large scale reduction in yield due to attack of this disease. In Canada the losses attributed due to Helminthosporium Leaf Blight (HLB). Bipolaris sorokiniana” have been equivalent to $42millions in 1971. Resurgence of diseases Spot blotch or Helminthosporium Leaf Blight (HLB) : Bipolaris sorokiniana”resurged in - 116 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
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Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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