Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) size was found ideal for primary nursery. After making 6 holes in bottom of trays to drain out excess water, trays are filled with sterilized potting mixture (One part fertile soil + one part sand + one part FYM) and trays are kept at 1.5 feet height from the ground on the bricks or on cement platform to check the contamination. After leveling the mixture up to top level of trays seeds are sown at depth of 1- 1.5 cm with spacing 2.5 to 3.0cm in the row and after sowing light shower irrigation should be done with a water can. The germination starts within 20-25 days after seed sowing depending upon the rootstocks. Citrus seeds usually germinate at a soil temperature above 55 0 F. The optimum temperature is between 80 and 90 o F. It is necessary to protect the primary nursery with some type of shelter. Both intense sun and wind may cause emerging seedlings to burn. The shade net (50 % shade) was found ideal for citrus seedlings. Irrigation of seedlings is most critical aspect. Germinating seeds are quickly killed by drought and on other hand, excessive moisture favours the development of damping off fungus. Therefore, frequent and light watering is required for newly planted seed beds. Transplanting of seedling in secondary nursery Seedling when 4 to 6” tall having 8 to 10 leaves are transplanted to black polythene bag of 12” to 6” size having 3-4 holes at the bottom to drain out excess water. The polythene bags are filled with sterilized potting mixture and arranged in shade net. To ensure uniform nucellar seedlings, discard of markedly smaller or too taller ones at the time of transplanting. Seedlings from primary nursery (Trays) should be uprooted with fork carefully to minimize root damage. The hook-necked bent or twisted taproot seedlings should be avoided. Selected seedling should be treated with Ridomil (2.75g /litre water) solution before transplanting to check the contamination at the time of transplanting. The seedlings are transplanted in the month of July-Aug after commencement of monsoon. The holes in which the seedlings are to be planted are usually made by stick. The roots of the seedling are then placed in the opening and pressing the soil firmly around the seedling to make contact of soil with roots for quick and better establishment. Irrigation should follow the planting of seedlings. In the beginning water should be applied frequently to overcome the shock of transplanting. The nursery must be kept free from weeds at all times. The side shoots should be removed regularly to develop single straight stem. Frequent and light irrigation should be given as per need taking care to avoid water stagnation in polythene bags. If such bags found excess water may drain out through making the new holes in polythene bags. Selection of mother plants and bud wood: Selection of mother plants for bud wood is the most critical parts of production of disease-free planting material. Since plant productivity, longevity, fruit quality and most important free from diseases all depend on types of mother plants. Therefore mother plants should be selected from authentic sources with known pedigree in respect to health, vigor, regular bearing and high yield with good quality fruit. Selected plants should be indexed against diseases (viruses and Greening bacterium) and only disease free plants should be used as bud source. Such disease-free plants - 227 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) should be marked and bud stick should be carefully taken to avoid infection. For this purpose knife used should be disinfected with alcohol or sodium hypochlorite solution. Bud wood should be always taken from fairly well matured wood of current season growth or next to last growth. Round twigs having longitudinal white streak on the bark, swollen buds ready to grow should be selected. First one or two basal buds, which are usually somewhat imperfect, should be discarded. Bud wood should be kept in moist sphagnum moss and gunny bag to avoid exposure desiccation. DIAGNOSIS OF VIRUS/VIRUS LIKE DISEASES • The virus detection tests were performed for the disease status of mother plants. • in India. • biological/serological detection against major pathogens viz., citrus tristeza virus, citrus mosaic, citrus ring spot, citrus exocortis, viroid and greening bacterium. i. Serological diagnosis: Serological indexing was done in DAS-ELISA by using monoclonal (CTV) and polyclonal (CTV, RS, mosaic) antibodies. ii. Bo-diagnosis: The biological indexing was also performed simultaneously using indicator plants like acid lime for tristeza, sweet orange for greening bacterium and mosaic virus, citron for exocortis and sweet orange and Chenopodium quinoa for ring spot etc. under insect proof controlled conditions. Thus, the virus free plants among selected elite mother plants were identified for further multiplication. Budding and maintenance of budlings Budding should be done in the season when bark would slip. The time of budding effects bud take and subsequent growth of plants. October is the best time for budding pineapple sweet orange on C. jambhiri rootstock under Delhi condition. In Vidarbha region of Maharashtra budding is usually done in Nov- Jan when seedling attain the girth of 3.0 to 3.5cm at 9” height from ground level following the ‘T’ or shield budding method. The budded portion should be wrapped with 100 guage polythene strips of 1.2-1.8 cm wide. Plant protection measures In citrus nurseries, Phytophthora diseases may appear any time of plant growth through contaminated water, soil and even through nursery workers and implements. Therefore a regular monitoring should be done for Phytophthora infection. In case of infection, the infected/contaminated plants should immediately uprooted and destroyed to keep the nursery totally free from Phytophthora and other diseases. The nursery plants are sprayed with Bavistin @ 1 g/lit water at monthly interval as a prophylactic measure. If plants affected by Phytophthora spp. are noticed, remove the affected plants with polythene bags and spray Ridomil MZ 72 @ 2.75 g - 228 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
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Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
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Chemical Control Chemical Abamectin
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Water Requirement (lpd/plant) (Dise
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clear (Boulard et al, 1989). (Disea
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Page 257 and 258: 4. High value off season vegetable
Page 267 and 268: ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
Page 269 and 270: 9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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Page 275 and 276: 14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
Page 277: Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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