Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) treatment irrigated at 50-70kPa soil moisture tension and 75% of normal fertilizer doses (I 3 F 1 ) by 281.31 % higher as compared to the control treatment. The water use efficiency was increased higher in the treatment by 248.05 % as compared to the control treatment in WT NVPH. The water productivity of treatment irrigated at 50-70 kPa soil moisture tension and normal fertilizer doses (I 3 F 2 ) was observed to be decreased by -72.43 under DS NVPH and -71.45 % under WT NVPH in treatment irrigated at 50-70kPa soil moisture tension and 75% of normal fertilizer doses (I 3 F 1 ) as compared to control treatment (Table3). Table 3: Effect of tensiometer based irrigation and fertigation on capsicum yield (kg/m 2 ), water use efficiency and water productivity in DS NVPH and WT NVPH Treatment DS NVPH WT NVPH Yield (kg/m 2 ) WUE (kg/m 3 ) Water productivity (liter/kg) Yield (kg/m 2 ) WUE (kg/m 3 ) Water productivity (liter/kg) I 1 F 1 12.00 48.18 20.76 12.35 40.73 24.60 I 1 F 2 12.34 49.55 20.33 13.81 45.53 22.01 I 2 F 1 10.92 62.74 17.07 11.67 81.37 12.94 I 2 F 2 12.28 70.55 14.40 13.49 70.66 14.20 I 3 F 1 13.14 100.59 10.15 13.04 90.91 11.00 I 3 F 2 12.54 96.00 10.47 11.94 83.19 12.08 C 8.52 26.38 37.98 9.56 26.12 38.53 CD (P=0.05) NS 20.47 4.56 NS 17.51 4.12 I 1 : Drip irrigation at 20-30 kPa soil moisture tension; I 2 : Drip irrigation at 30-50 kPa soil moisture tension; I 3 : Drip irrigation at 50-70 kPa soil moisture tension; F 1 : 75% of recommended fertilizer doses; F 2 : 100% of recommended fertilizer doses 6. Automated Watering Watering a large number of plants in a well-stocked greenhouse can be a major task, especially if it is to be done by hand. However, there are alternative approaches available, including seep hoses, drip irrigation, misters and sprinkler systems, which make the job much easier. Many of these systems can be automated to varying degrees, using modern timers or controllers, which range from the cheap and simple to the very sophisticated – with a price tag to match! Water timers, for instance, fit between the irrigation hose and the tap and can be set to allow watering to take place at specific times of the day and for a given period, allowing you to water at night to avoid evaporation, for example, without having to be there yourself. These relatively simple devices are also invaluable if you are out all day or when you go away, keeping the soil nicely moist in your absence. More complex water controllers can take the automation even further, measuring soil moisture and watering accordingly to keep the growing conditions at their optimum. 7. Water Quality Management for Green House Irrigation A dependable irrigation water supply is a vital component of any greenhouse growing operation. In the past, the quality of the water source was not a cultural issue considered by growers. The water source may contain essential nutrients such as iron or nitrate in high enough - 111 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) concentrations to justify a reduction in levels applied through a fertility program. Water may also contain harmful impurities that require corrective procedures. Water quality can be a deciding factor when choosing among sites for establishing a new greenhouse business or, where the opportunity exists, to choose among two or more water sources at a particular site. Growers should have their irrigation water tested by a university or reliable private laboratory any time a new water source is established, whether it be from a well, river, pond, or municipal system. Afterward, test the water at least twice per year or often enough to establish how much variability there is in water quality over time. One good approach is to take one test during a wet period and another during a dry period because high rainfall can dilute water impurities and drought can concentrate water impurities. Once a water quality pattern has been established, yearly testing is usually sufficient. The recommended water quality parameters have been presented in Table 4 suitable for protected cultivation. Table 4: Recommended upper limits of chemical factors in Irrigation water for greenhouse crop production Quality parameters Recommended limit of factors pH 5.4 to 6.8 Alkalinity 150 ppm CaCo 3 (3 meq/L) Bicarbonates 122 ppm (2 meq/L) Hardness (Ca+Mg) 150ppm CaCo 3 (3meq/L) Electrical Conductivity Plug grown seedlings 0.75 mmhos/cm General production 1.5 mmhos/cm Total Dissolved salts Plug grown seedlings 480ppm General production 960 ppm Sodium Absorption ratio 4 (no unit) Sodium (Na) 69 ppm (3meq/L) Chloride (Cl - ) 71 ppm (3meq/L) Nitrogen (N) 10 ppm (0.72 meq/L) Nitrate (NO - 3 ) 10 ppm (0.16 meq/L) Ammonium (NH + 4 ) 10 ppm (0.56 meq/L) Phosphorus(P) 1 ppm (0.3 meq/L) Phosphate (H 2 PO - 4 ) 1 ppm (0.01 meq/L) Potassium (K) 10 ppm (0.26 meq/L) Calcium (Ca) 120 ppm (6 meq/L) Magnesium (Mg) 24 ppm (2 meq/L) Sulfur (S) 20-30ppm(0.63.94meq/L) Sulfate (SO - 4 ) 30-45ppm(0.63-0.94meq/L) Iron (Fe) 0.2-4.0 ppm Manganese (Mn) 1.0 ppm Boron (B) 0.5 ppm Copper (Cu) 0.2 ppm Zinc (Zn) 0.3 ppm Fluoride (F) 1.0 ppm Aluminium (Al) 5.0 ppm (Castilla, 2000) - 112 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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