Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) methods namely, (1) fertilizer tank (the by-pass system), (2) the venturi pump and (3) the injection pump (piston or destron pump). Non-corrosive material should be used for the fertilizer containers and for the injection equipment. 8. Design of Irrigation System Considering Chemigation After determining the type of irrigation delivery system, it is important to design the system so that it delivers fertigated water as uniformly as possible. Distribution uniformity (D.U.) should be in the 80% or higher range. This means 20% or less of the applied water will be wasted. If lower D.U.s are used, some plants will not receive adequate fertilization while others will be overfertilized. This will occur with any D.U. below 100%, so the higher the D.U. the more effective the fertigation. Second, the system must be able to meet the scheduling demands dictated by local regulations, proper horticultural practices, and the fertigation system itself. It is generally desirable to have all fertigated water flushed from the system at the end of the irrigation cycle. So the fertigation system should be designed to deliver fertilizer fast enough to allow the system to operate, after fertigation, for a long enough period of time to flush all lines. This should occur without having longer-than-required run times for providing the necessary water to the landscape. While this is often possible in smaller systems, larger systems often retain some fertigated water after the watering cycle. At minimum, the system must be designed to allow the required amount of fertilizer to be applied during normal watering run times. The following steps can serve as a general guide for making the above determinations. First, calculate the LPH for each zone (to determine precipitation rates) and the required run time to provide optimum water for the plant material. Second, determine the volume of water in the piping from injection point to the furthest sprinkler, in each zone. Now compare these two figures for each zone and determine which zone has the largest required run time to receive fertigated water. This will be the "critical zone" for fertigation design purposes. Using the quarter/half/quarter rule (system runs for one-fourth of its total programmed run time before fertilizer injection begins, injection occurs for half the run time, injection ceases for the final onefourth of the run time) determine the allowable fertigation run time within the zone's "total run time." Finally, determine what concentration the fertilizer will need to be at to fit inside this "fertigation window." This is the point where compromises may have to be made between complete flushing of piping, realistic concentrations and injection rates. The only component that should not be compromised is the overall run time for each zone. The correct amount of water should always be delivered to the plant material. Excess water should not be applied just to allow fertigation. This would be counter-productive. The fertigators have more flexibility on using liquid fertilizers as compared with water soluble granular fertilizers. 9. Conclusions The precision farming and hi-tech agriculture for the improved input use efficiency, more - 131 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) yield and quality produce in sustainable manner is incomplete without efficient irrigation and fertilizer application techniques. Chemigation is the most efficient techniques of chemical / fertilizer application in split manner as per crop need at different stages of crop development. In the present paper various aspect of fertigation has been discussed. The fertilizers used for fertigation must be 100% water soluble and it should not precipitate while making the solution. The selection of fertilizers should be in accordance with the pH of soil. The concentration of fertilizer should not be more than 2% during fertigation. The fertilizer requirement should be determined based on soil analysis and if soil analysis not possible certain correction factors must be applied depending on the soil texture. The fertilizer use efficiency can be maximized by adopting drip-fertigation to the level of 95%. The drip- fertigation system should be appropriately designed to achieve at least 85% of uniformity of water and fertilizer application. The piston pump type of fertigation unit is most efficient system of fertilizer application. However, fertilizer tank and ventury type of fertigation unit is most common at the farmer’s field because of its low cost. REFERENCES • Dart IK, Baillie CP and Thorburn PJl. 2000. assessing nitrofen application rates for subsurface trickle irrigated cane at Bundaberg. Proc Aust Soc Sugar Cane Technol 22:230-235. • Ganmore-Neumann, R. and U. Kafkafi. 1980. Root temperature and percentage NO 3 - /NH 4 + effect on tomato plants. I Morphology and growth. Agron. J. 72:758-761. • Ganmore-Neumann, R. and U. Kafkafi. 1983. Root temperature and percentage NO 3 - /NH 4 + effect on strawberry plants. I Growth, flowering and root development. Agron. J. 75: 941- 947. • Goel MC. 2007. Fertigation/chemigation scheduling of liquid fertilizers for various crops. In: Proceeding of the workshop on micro irrigation held at WTC IARI New Delhi pp 36- 59. • Maas, E.V. and G.J. Hoffman. 1977. Crop salt tolerance - current assessment. J. Irrig. Drainage Div. ASEC 103: 115-134. • Mmolawa K and Or D.2000. Rootzone salute dynamics under drip irrigation : A review. Plant Soil 222:163-190. • Neilsen GH, Neilsen D, Herbert LC and Hogue EJ.2004.Response of apple to fertigation of N and K under conditions susceptible to to the development of K deficiency. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 129:26-31. • Ng Kee Kwong KF and Devile J.1987. Residual nitrogen as influenced by timing and nitrogen forms in silty clay soil under sugarcane in Mauritius. Fertil. Res.14:219-226. • Ng Kee Kwong KF, Paul JP and Devile J.1999. Drip-fertigation a means for reducing fertilizer nitrogen to sugarcane. Expl Agric.35:31-37. • Patel N and Rajput T B S.2004. Fertigation – a technique for efficient use of granular fertilizer through drip irrigation. IE(I) Journal-(AG) 85:50-54. • Peryea F J and Burrows R L .1999. Soil acidification caused by four commercial nitrozen fertilizer solutions and subsequent soil pH rebound. Commun Soil Sci Plant anl 30:525-533. • PFDC Pantnagr. 2009. Annual report 2008-2009 PFDC, G. B> Pant University of Agriculture & Technlogy, Pantnagr, Uttarakhand. • Rhoades, J.D. and J. Loveday. 1990. Salinity in irrigated agriculture. In: Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. B.A. Stewars and D.R.Nielsen (Eds.). ASA-CSAA-SSSA, Madison, WI. pp 1089-1142. - 132 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
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Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
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Chemical Control Chemical Abamectin
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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