Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) There is a growing demand for sound, biologically-based pest management practices. Recent surveys of both conventional and organic growers indicate an interest in using biocontrol products, suggesting that the market potential of biocontrol products will increase in coming years. Applications of diverse biological control strategies have been successful in the greenhouse industry and continue to increase. The Bio-pesticide Industry Alliance has formed and it is now actively promoting the value and efficacy of bio-pesticides. Clearly, the future success of the biological control industry will depend on innovative business management, product marketing, extension education, and research. Commercial Products for biological control of foliar pathogens under protected cultivation Biopesticide AQ 10 Sporodex Plant Shield, Trichodex, Top shield Ketomium Biocontrol organism Ampelomyces quisqualis Target pathogen /disease Powdery mildew Pseudozyma Powdery mildew flocculosa and rose T. harzianum Gray mould Vegetables and ornamentals C. globosum and C. cupreum Colletotrichum leaf spot Cease Bacillus subtilis Anthracnose, gray mould powdery mildew and leaf spot (Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas) Serenade Bio-save Blight Ban Mycostop Actinovate Bacillus subtillus Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptomyces griseoviridis Streptomyces lydicus Powdery mildew, downy mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, Early and late blight Gray mould Erwinia amylovora and russet inducing bacteria gray mould, Alternaria and Phomopsis leaf spot Powdery mildew, downy mildew, gray mould, Alternaria leaf spot Crop Formulation Application method Cucurbits, grapes, Spore Spray tomatoes, powder ornamentals and strawberries Cucumber, tomato Spore Spray vegetables Vegetables and ornamentals Cucurbits, grapes, vegetables and ornamentals Ornamentals and vegetables Strawberry and tomato Ornamentals and vegetables Vegetables and ornamentals powder Spore powder Spore powder Spore suspension Spore powder Pellets (bacterial cells) Wettable powder (bacterial cells) Spore powder Spore powder Spray Spray Spray Spray Spray Spray Spray Spray - 167 -
(Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation) Compost: Its Microbiology and Disease Management C.M. Mehta and A. K. Sharma Department of Biological Sciences, C.B.S.H., G.B.P.U.A.&T. Pantnagar- 263 145 (UK) Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and a key ingredient in organic farming. Composting is a biological process in which various organic biodegradable wastes are converted into hygienic, humus rich product (compost) which could be used as a soil conditioner and an organic fertilizer (Popkin, 1995). Composts of various origins are also used to provide biological control against various plant pathogens (Hoitink and Grebus, 1994). The addition of composts to agricultural soils has beneficial effects on crop development and yields by improving soil physical and biological properties (Zheljazkov and Warman, 2004). Poultry manure application in Java citronella plants, significantly increased the herbage, essential oil content and dry matter yield (Adholeya and Prakash, 2004). Compost is also an inhabiting place for various microbes due to which biological activities are markedly enhanced in the rhizosphere of plants (Tilak and Reddy, 2006). Such syntrophic associations are of ecological importance with implied agricultural significance. Aqueous extracts of compost have also been efficient in replacing synthetic fungicides (Zhang et al., 1998). Utilization of compost with disease suppressive properties is a relatively new biological way of decreasing stress in plant production. Steps Involve in Composting Process Composting process involves four different steps viz., (a) Decomposition: breakdown of plant and animal remains into stable organic materials, (b) Humification: conversion of organic matter into humus (resistant to microbial attack), (c) Immobilization: microbial tie up of inorganic molecules into their own cells and (d) Mineralization: microbial release of inorganic ions (nutrients like nitrate, ammonium and phosphate). Types of Composting There are three different types of composting, according to its nature. First is Aerobic composting, where air directly involve in composting process. In this process, high nitrogenous waste (like grass clippings or other green material) helps bacteria to grow and create high temperatures (up to 160 degrees). This result, break down of organic waste quickly and is not prone to smell. This type of composting requires high maintenance, since it needs to be turned every couple days to keep air in the system and temperatures up. It is also likely to require accurate moisture monitoring. This type of compost is good for large volumes of compost. Second is Anaerobic composting where composting process completed without air. Anaerobic composting is low maintenance but this process took a couple years. In this type of composting a pile was made by stack of debris. It generally compact to the point where there is no available air for beneficial organisms to live. Very slow working bacteria grow in these piles that do not require air. It may take years to break down of raw material in compost. Anaerobic composts create the awful smell. Third is Vermicomposting which is most beneficial for composting food waste. Along - 168 -
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CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Title Speaker Page
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REMARKS by Dr. K.S. Dubey Director
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and extension literature that have
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discussions. No doubt the course is
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Introduction (Diseases and Manageme
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Loads For Greenhouse: (Diseases and
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Chemical Control Chemical Abamectin
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Water Requirement (lpd/plant) (Dise
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clear (Boulard et al, 1989). (Disea
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ANNEXURE-I CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACUL
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9. Dr. (Mrs.) T.K.S. Latha Assistan
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TRAINING ON ANNEXURE-III DISEASES A
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ANNEXURE-IV CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACU
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14:30-17:00 hrs Visit to VRC for pr
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Sunday 23.9.2012 Monday 24.9.2012 1
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Diseases and Management of Crops under Protected Cultivation

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