#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My role in editing this book is to condense large amounts of great material into a shorter format for a global audience. There would be no book without all the contributions from many people monitoring coral reefs, assembling data, writing reports, and running projects around the world. Most of these have contributed their information voluntarily as there are few people paid to undertake GCRMN activities. Many have given their data knowing that the Status reports do not recognise all contributions by citing the references or sources. Thank you. This is done deliberately to reduce the size of the book and focus on the messages, not the sources of messages. Where feasible, I have included an e-mail address or reference if the reader wants more information. Contacts for most of the national and regional authors are included at the end of the regional chapters. Special thanks go to those people (the Node Coordinators) who compiled the various national reports into regional reports that constitute the basis of the chapters. I also wish to thank Kristin Sherwood, Jos Hill, Madeleine Nowak, John Tyler and Robin South for their careful editorial contributions. I owe staff at AIMS special thanks. This book was prepared under an extremely tight schedule and would not have been realised without the always professional and friendly Science Communication team at AIMS, Steve Clarke, Wendy Ellery and Tim Simmonds – thank you. The GCRMN has included two partners in the direction of the network: Gregor Hodgson brings his Reef Check network and volunteers; and Jamie Oliver provides the platform of ReefBase to ensure that data generated by the GCRMN has a means of reaching the world. The co-sponsors of the GCRMN have provided substantial assistance, advice and support: The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO; the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); IUCN – The World Conservation Union; the World Bank; the Convention on Biological Diversity; AIMS; WorldFish Center (formerly ICLARM); and the ICRI Secretariat. These meet voluntarily in association with ICRI meetings to provide guidance to the GCRMN. Direction for the GCRMN Management Group has been provided by Ned Cyr and Ole Vestergaard of IOC-UNESCO and Clarl Gustaf Lundin of IUCN – I with to thank them all. Support for the GCRMN primarily comes from the US Department of State, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and AIMS. Funds are channelled through UNEP in Nairobi and IOC-UNESCO in Paris. Without this support there would be no global coordination and no global status report – thank you. Many organisations support the monitoring in the regions and these are acknowledged in the chapters; thanks to them. Funds to print this book have come from the Government of the USA (Department of State and NOAA), SAREC/Sida of Sweden, the World Bank, the ICRAN project, the Great Barrier Reef Research Foundation, and IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Their assistance ensures that the book will be produced and provided at no production charge to people around the world who are working to conserve coral reefs, often voluntarily. x
INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endorse and support the 3rd report on the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002. The two previous reports in 1998 and 2000 were particularly valuable in focusing the attention of decision makers, major donors and national and international agencies on the declining status of these invaluable resources, and the need to take action to assist the approximate 500 million people who depend on reefs, wholly or partially for their livelihoods. This report continues to show that reefs are declining, but it also illustrates major new initiatives that are being implemented to reverse their decline. Coral reefs are not only major storehouses of incredible biodiversity (32 of the 34 recognised animal Phyla are found on coral reefs compared to 9 Phyla in tropical rainforests), but also provide food, cultural objects, building materials and shoreline protection for peoples living near them. Another benefit is coral reef tourism, which is one of the fastest growing industries in the world that now caters for people from the wealthier countries wanting to visit tropical coastal resorts. Tourism can be an effective pathway for the conservation of coral reef resources in developing countries. The recent emphasis at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 in Johannesburg was on activities to improve the health and alleviate poverty amongst an estimated 500 million people who live in tropical developing countries and have some dependence on coral reefs. Such reefs have been estimated to provide the world with US$375 billion in goods and services. Per unit area, they are amongst our most valuable ecosystems. Yet we are witnessing an accelerating rate of their loss, with these losses directly impacting on poor people. For many of these people, coastal areas, and particularly coral reefs, are the last ‘resort’ where they turn to after agricultural lands have lost fertility or industries have collapsed. Displaced people can build a dwelling in the common lands bordering the sea and make a living with little expenditure by catching or gleaning food off coral reefs. This was particularly evident in Southeast Asia, the centre of coral reef biodiversity, when unemployment surged during the economic crisis of 1998. People returned to their home villages to make a living directly from the environment, often using damaging practices like bomb fishing. One of the most valuable actions that we can take is to implement mechanisms to conserve these valuable resources. If we succeed, we will have a greater chance of improving the nutrition and health of coastal populations. This 3 rd report continues that trend of providing invaluable data and information to guide the world in coral reef conservation. 1
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Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD Our two governments have r
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
Page 9: Countries, States and Territories S
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some of the larger fou
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Coral reefs are coming
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary This report, howe
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary Key sites chosen
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30: Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32: Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34: Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36: Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37 and 38: Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 39 and 40: Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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