#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 DETECTING BLAST FISHING A system for detecting and monitoring underwater explosions is being developed as a tool for reef managers. A triangular array of hydrophones separated by 1m is linked to a computer that can accurately determine the direction of travel of the shock wave coming from a blast, and the origin of a blast can be pinpointed using two or more arrays. When this was tested in mid-2002, it could calculate the direction to within 0.2˚, which is an accuracy of ±30m at a range of 10km. When a bomb goes off underwater, a high proportion of the chemical energy is converted into acoustic energy, which can be detected from a distance of at least 30km. The sensitivity and range of the system has been improved using algorithms that filter out background noise, particularly the tiny shock waves from nearby snapping shrimp. This tool can be used for real-time fisheries surveillance and enforcement, and particularly the monitoring of management projects aimed at preventing coastal communities from blast fishing. From: Simon Wilson and George Woodman, simon.wilson@adelphienv.com mapped in Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia provide probably the most updated national picture of coastal development, marine-based pollution, over-fishing, destructive fishing and climate change impacts. However, the sedimentation map reflects a modelled risk, the impact of which may either have already occurred in the past, is happening now or is yet to occur. A large proportion of the impacts on Philippine reefs stem from the very high population density of the nation (and associated food and income requirements). Thailand The reefs support a variety of human activities that can be categorised into three main groups: tourism and recreation; fisheries-related uses; and other uses. A clear pattern of change in reef use is evident, as small-scale or traditional fisheries are gradually being replaced by tourism activities. Locals convert their fishing boats into tour boats and also collect shells for the souvenir trade. This is seen in several provinces, such as Trad, Surathani, Pang-Nga, and Trang. Tourism and recreational activities include diving, underwater photography, glass-bottom vessels, sea walkers, and sport fishing. Poorly managed tourism affects reefs through anchor damage, garbage accumulation, diver damage and wastewater discharge from coastal hotels and resorts. Live coral coverage on Nang-Yuan Island in Surathani, one of the most popular snorkelling sites has declined 17% within a 5-year period. Reefs close to beach resorts are used intensively for tourismrelated activities. Chanthaburi, Rayong, Surathani, Phuket, Trang, and Krabi are the major provinces for reef-related recreation. Reefs in several localities such as Pattaya, Koh Samet, Koh Hae and Mu Koh Phi Phi group face the impact of conspicuously heavy tourism demand. Many localities are also facing a rapid and steady growth in tourism, with obvious increases in coral reef-related activities. A project to establish mooring buoys at reef sites in the Andaman Sea has successfully reduced anchor damage. Shell and ornamental fish collection with the use of chemicals is among the serious problems causing coral reef degradation in the Gulf and the Andaman Sea. Dynamite fishing is rarely observed, even at remote islands. Sedimentation and wastewater pollution associated with rapid coastal development are recent and increasingly severe problems in 136
Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reefs PROYEK PESISIR, NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA This is an area of exceptionally high biodiversity where, however, the coral reefs are being degraded by unsustainable human activities. Proyek Pesisir is a partnership between the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Coastal Resources Center at the University of Rhode Island to implement community-based integrated coastal management to conserve the marine resources of a part of North Sulawesi. The first major activity was to create a marine sanctuary in Blongko, a small village of 1,250 people who depended on fishing for a living. The project used Apo Island in the Philippines as a model, and asked the community to collect data, identify a proper site, and develop a local ordinance to regulate fishing in the proposed protected area. The village government also received support from the regional and national governments to implement the ordinance. The sanctuary is now paying dividends for local villagers because of income from tourism. This model is now being replicated in the Likupang vicinity in North Sulawesi, where 18 local communities are initiating marine sanctuaries. These community efforts were given a major boost when the legislature of the Minahasa District passed a landmark law to support locally approved plans and village ordinances. This legal framework demonstrates an institutional commitment to uphold local regulations and assist communities that want to establish marine sanctuaries. Potentially 150 villages in the Minahasa District can benefit as they work to protect their coral reefs. The process has been assisted by publishing a number of manuals in Indonesian (Bahasa), including a monitoring manual, a guide for organising community controls the crown-of-thorns starfish, and a manual on establishing community-based marine sanctuaries is planned. Contacts: Lynne Hale, lzhale@gso.uri.edu; Richard Volk, rvolk@USAID.gov many provinces along the coastline. Jetty construction in several locations, especially in the west coast of the Gulf of Thailand, resulted in coral reef and seagrass degradation. Vietnam These coral reefs continue to be stressed by a variety of threats, particularly in high human population areas. From interviews conducted in early 1999, over-fishing and the decline in marine resources were cited as problems in all of the 29 provinces surveyed. Local communities identified destructive fishing as a problem in 21 of 29 provinces. Poison fishing for the live food fish and ornamental trades is particularly acute in the northern and central parts of Vietnam even around Con Dao National Park. Illegal trade and collection of endangered species is still largely uncontrolled. A strong correlation exists between reef quality and distance from human developments. The pristine reefs are generally the most remote. Almost all of Vietnam’s reefs were reported as being threatened by human activities during the Reefs at Risk analysis, with 50% facing high threat and 17% at very high threat. Destructive fishing is the most pervasive and significant threat, with over 85% of the reefs at medium or high threat. Over-fishing threatens about half of Vietnam’s reefs. 137
Page 1 and 2:
Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
Page 3 and 4:
FOREWORD Our two governments have r
Page 5 and 6:
CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
Page 7 and 8:
COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
Page 9 and 10:
Countries, States and Territories S
Page 11 and 12:
INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
Page 13 and 14:
Introduction Some of the larger fou
Page 15 and 16:
Introduction Coral reefs are coming
Page 17 and 18:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
Page 19 and 20:
Executive Summary This report, howe
Page 21 and 22:
Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23 and 24:
Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 25 and 26:
Executive Summary Key sites chosen
Page 27 and 28:
Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30:
Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32:
Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34:
Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36:
Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37 and 38:
Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 39 and 40:
Executive Summary Southern Tropical
Page 41:
Executive Summary Achievements in E
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97: Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
Page 133 and 134: 7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
Page 135 and 136: Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
Page 145: Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
Page 163 and 164: 8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
Page 165 and 166: Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
Page 173 and 174: 9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
Page 175 and 176: Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
Page 191 and 192: 10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
Page 193 and 194: Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
Page 195 and 196: Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
Page 197 and 198:
Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 227 and 228:
12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
Page 229 and 230:
Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
Page 249 and 250:
Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
Page 263 and 264:
Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
Page 289 and 290:
Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
Page 315 and 316:
Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
Page 337 and 338:
Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
Page 355 and 356:
Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
Page 373 and 374:
Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388:
show all

#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?