#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 in heavily used areas, protect critical habitats and species, and separate use conflicts. In addition, the International Maritime Organization is designating the FKNMS a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area in 2002. Florida’s East coast is not as well served; policies on environmental impacts of dredging, fresh-water management, and nutrient input should receive attention. Vessel anchorages off Miami, Port Everglades and Palm Beach should be reviewed and changed to provide maximum protection for the reef system. Texas Flower Garden Banks Regulations governing the FGBNMS under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1431 are contained within the Code of Federal Regulations and can be viewed on the web at: http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/oms/pdfs/FlowerGardensRegs.pdf. In 2001 the International Maritime Organization designated the Flower Garden Banks as the world’s first international no-anchor zone. Puerto Rico Land use policy and development control are proposed by the Planning Board and approved by the Governor. A general policy encourages avoidance of urban sprawl, concentration of industrial development, and agricultural practices that protect soils and avoid adverse impacts, including erosion, on water resources. The coastal zone is managed by the DNER, the Environmental Quality Board monitors water quality, and the Regulations and Permits Administration administers land-use regulations. A Coastal Non- Point Sources of Pollution Control Plan was approved by NOAA and the US EPA in 2000. A 5-year Coral Reef Action Plan written in 1999 guides management, research, and education efforts. U.S. Virgin Islands The U.S. Department of Interior, the U.S. Department of Commerce (including NOAA and the Caribbean Fishery Management Council), and the USVI Government all have policies, laws and legislation relating to coral reefs in that area. The Code of Federal Regulations Title 36 and the enabling legislation for Virgin Islands National Park and Buck Island Reef National Monument relate to reefs in the national parks. The Caribbean Fishery Management Council has Reef Fish and Coral Reef Management Plans with regulations pertaining to federal waters. Title 12 of the Virgin Islands Code presents environmental laws and regulations of the Virgin Islands. Several specific Acts relate to regulations on corals, fishing, etc. The Code of Federal Regulations states that commercial fishing is prohibited ‘except where specifically authorized by Federal Statutory law’. However, commercial fishing is occurring in the waters of Virgin Islands National Park and Buck Island Reef National Monument. Navassa A 12-mile fringe of marine habitat around Navassa (estimated at 134,000ha) is under U.S. Fish and Wildlife management. Refuge policies allow subsistence fishing. A Comprehensive Conservation Plan is being developed. 270
Status of Coral Reefs in the US Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico GAPS IN CURRENT MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY In 2001, NOAA and U.S. State agencies developed a nationally coordinated, long-term program to assess species and conditions, monitor trends, and predict changes in U.S. coral reef and related habitats. This program was expanded to include Florida in 2002 and currently supports monitoring in all U.S. States and Territories with coral reefs. Florida There is no comprehensive and systematic monitoring program for the reefs of Florida’s East Coast, but one is needed to provide a baseline. Site selection should ensure that representative habitats and unique sites are mapped and monitored. This will require that a selection committee of academic, county, state, conservation and fishing groups, and decisions rapidly disseminated for public discussion. The reef fish communities from seagrass and mangrove habitats of Port Everglades and the Intra-coastal Waterway also remain a mystery. Reefs along the southeast coast and Middle Grounds banks should also be mapped. Current monitoring in the Sanctuary has focused largely on detecting changes in designated no-take zones and establishing the status and trends in corals, seagrasses, and water quality. Such monitoring must continue in the short-term until solid baseline data are obtained. This baseline will assist in detecting possible long-term changes in communities that may result from management practices (e.g. zoning) or from massive restoration efforts soon to be implemented in the south Florida Everglades. Texas Flower Garden Banks Recent observations of increased algal abundance highlight the need to improve water quality monitoring and assess currents and water circulation. The monitoring should include studies on algal populations, coral diseases, and extend to deeper coral reef communities. The great distance of the Sanctuary offshore makes surveillance and enforcement more difficult. Currently, the Sanctuary does not own a boat and relies on charter vessels to get to the area. Recent observations are that the Banks may be important spawning areas for several grouper species and this highlights the need to create a marine reserve to protect the biodiversity. Puerto Rico New research and monitoring programs in Puerto Rico are filling gaps and providing managers with information on status and trends of the coral reefs. The Coral Reef Ecosystem Study, a major 5-year research program lead by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico and supported by NOAA, started in 2002 to investigate causes of coral reef declines in the Caribbean. The project examines links between natural and human stresses and processes, socio-economic factors, and the use of marine protected areas in development of management strategies, and aims to integrate all data into a unified GIS tool that will help managers predict the outcomes of potential management actions. A cooperative agreement between the DNR and NOAA supports long-term monitoring and additional U.S. Federal grants support graduate student training in monitoring techniques and research on remote sensing of water quality and bottom cover. 271
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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