#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 nearby. Recovery is higher on shallow reefs than in deeper water and reefs within MPAs have shown better recovery than those outside, especially on Chumbe Island off Zanzibar, and Mombasa Marine Park, Kenya. Most of the new recruits are Pocillopora species, with the largest numbers being more than 20 per m 2 at Mafia, Tanzania, and Kiunga, Kenya, whereas on most other reefs, the range is 1-3 new recruits per m 2 . South West Indian Ocean Islands In the southern Indian Ocean islands of Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion, most corals recovered immediately after the bleaching and mortality was minor. Recovery and new COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT HELPS SAVE REEFS IN TANGA, TANZANIA Tanga in northern Tanzania has rich fringing and patch reefs, mangroves, seagrass meadows and estuaries. Local communities depend heavily on these resources, and the consequences of unsustainable use were apparent by 1990. Fish catches were declining, coral reef health was deteriorating, and mangrove and coastal forests were being reduced. Government and community responses to these problems were inadequate, leading villagers and local government authorities to seek control over resource access and exploitation. IUCN started technical assistance in 1994, using funds from Ireland Aid, to develop a long-term integrated conservation and development program, which has been running for 9 years in 3 Districts, with support from the Regional Administration. The resource users and District authorities have developed 6 collaborative fisheries management plans for the entire coastline, with several villages and their fishing areas in each plan. Each village environmental committee is represented on a Central Coordinating Committee to harmonise and coordinate action plans, by-laws, patrols etc. for the whole area. The health of the reefs has improved, the fish populations are larger, catch rates are up, and destructive fishing (dynamite fishing, beach seining) has declined due to collaborative enforcement by the villagers, District officers and the Navy. Some reefs have now been declared as no-take areas in the collaborative management plans. Village monitoring teams, with District Fisheries officers and IUCN, survey open and closed reefs annually using simple methods to record coral cover, invertebrates and fish (target and non-target species) at each reef. Coral bleaching in 1998 severely damaged the corals, but there has been rapid recovery, particularly in the managed areas where fish abundance is also increasing more on closed reefs than open reefs. From: Eric Verheij, Hassan Kalombo, Sue Wells, smw@iucnearo.org Coral cover in two collaborative management areas is now higher than before bleaching in 1998 with the protected sites having even higher cover. Boze-Sange managed area Mtang’ata managed area Reefs Open Closed Open Closed Before El Niño (1998) 30% 30% 31% 31% After El Niño (1998) 5% 20% 20% 20% 2002 35% 55% 48% 53% 34
Coral Bleaching and Mortality coral growth on Madagascar is encouraging, but in many areas this is just balancing damage from anchors and pollution from the land. The major impacts were, however in the Comoros and Seychelles. Reefs in the Comoros appear to be recovering well, for example the corals in the Moheli MPA had recovered about half of their former coral cover to about 20% by early 2002, with even better prospects as recruitment was strong in 2002. The situation is less encouraging in the Seychelles with very low rates of natural recovery, even in the protected areas. Most recovery is in deeper water. CORAL RECOVERY, AND FISH COMMUNITY RESPONSES AFTER 1998 BLEACHING AT ALDABRA, SEYCHELLES The Aldabra Marine Programme (AMP) set up 11 permanent monitoring sites at Aldabra Atoll, southern Seychelles, to follow reef recovery after the 1998 El Niño bleaching. Aldabra is a World Heritage Site with virtually no anthropogenic impacts. AMP monitored changes in the coral communities using video transects, 1m 2 quadrats for coral recruits, and visual fish counts. In 1998, about 40% of the hard corals on the outer reef were recently bleached and 22% corals died in shallow water (10m). Few corals died in deeper water (20m) despite very severe bleaching. Coral mortality was at least 50% at St. Pierre Island, approximately 450km northeast of Aldabra. Many massive colonies bleached, but often had live polyps around the base. Now there is 3 -28% live coral cover in shallow water around Aldabra, and 0.2-36% in deep water. The highest coral cover is on the sheltered north western end and decreases steadily towards the more exposed south eastern end. Cover on islands east of Aldabra ranges between 12-32% in shallow water and 17-30% in deep water. Live coral cover at Aldabra did not increase significantly between 1999 and 2002, although the trend is rising from year to year suggesting recovery. Coral recruitment is high at Aldabra, ranging from 1-13 per m 2 in 2001 and 1-14 in 2002. St. Pierre and Assumption islands also have high recruitment, but it is low on Astove with only 1% in both shallow and deep water. Thus recovery is well underway on Aldabra and the nearby islands, and should accelerate, however, poor coral recruitment and an extensive bloom of Caulerpa algae, are delaying recovery at Astove. AMP counted 221 fish species from 38 families in February 2002 at Aldabra, which is higher than 211 species from 35 families in 1999 and 205 species from 40 families in 2001, but less than the 251 fish species identified in 1998. The combined count is 289 species, which indicates a healthy fish population. The degree of habitat complexity on Aldabra is important as there were more fish in very structured habitats, irrespective of whether the coral was live or dead. Fish numbers have fluctuated between 1,501 fish per 100m 2 in 2001 to approximately 3,000 fish per 100m 2 in 1999 and 2002; probably due to large passing schools of some species. AMP will continue monitoring the corals and fishes at Aldabra and other sites in the southern Seychelles, and is including sites under more anthropogenic pressures. From: Raymond Buckley, Ben Stobart, Nigel Downing, Kristian Teleki, Larry LeClair and Martin Callow; web site: www.aldabra.org 35
Page 1 and 2: Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD Our two governments have r
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
Page 9 and 10: Countries, States and Territories S
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some of the larger fou
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Coral reefs are coming
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary This report, howe
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary Key sites chosen
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30: Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32: Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34: Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36: Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37 and 38: Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 39 and 40: Executive Summary Southern Tropical
Page 41: Executive Summary Achievements in E
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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