#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 and political forces beyond the protected area. The requirement for widespread replication must be addressed alongside the need for sustainability of human and financial resources. The Philippines does not yet have a nationally recognised national coral reef action plan. Reef monitoring still needs to be better coordinated to overcome uneven sampling distribution and unnecessary re-establishment of new transects (as opposed to resampling old transect sites). Some capacity for socio-economic assessments is available but not yet been been used specifically for monitoring. Singapore There are no marine protected areas in Singapore. The Labrador Nature Park, a coastal park with a rocky shore and reef communities was gazetted in 2001. Many of the initiatives by non-government groups can be considered effective in contributing towards management within the limitations of the lack of government intervention. These efforts have raised public consciousness and government agencies responsible for development now direct more attention to reef protection. Thailand Close to 42% of Thailand’s reefs lie within its 21 Marine National Parks and several Fisheries Sanctuaries. In addition, many islands are under the control of the Thai Royal Navy and bird nest concession holders, who strictly prohibit visitors. The reefs of these islands are in good condition as they serve essentially as protected areas. Over 50% of Thai coral reefs are under some form of protection. Many government and non-government institutions are involved in coral reef monitoring, and the monitoring methods used are the manta tow survey, line intercept transect, permanent quadrat, fish visual census, and Reef Check. Coral reef management in Thailand rests on laws and regulations that apply to all coral reefs and additional measures applicable only to marine protected areas. In recent years, central agencies, provincial governments and the private sectors have undertaken nonregulatory action aimed at improving coral reef conditions through restoration, preventive measures and education. Several laws are used to protect coral reefs in Thailand, e.g. the Fisheries Law of 1947, the National Park Act of 1961, the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act (NEQA) of 1975, etc. These regulations are mainly enforced by the Department of Fisheries (DOF) and Royal Forestry Department. There have been problems in enforcing coral reef protection regulations. A National Coral Reef Strategy was adopted by the cabinet in 1992. However, there were no signs of reversing coral reef degradation because the strategy did not function at the local level and it is under revision. Vietnam There are positive signs of the effectiveness of management in some locations, such as at Con Dao National Park and some of the tourist sites in Nha Trang Bay. In the Hon Mun Marine Protected Area pilot project, various agencies have initiated a programme among local island villagers and the recreational dive clubs of Nha Trang to control the crown-ofthorns starfish, which have increased in recent years. 140
Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reefs GAPS IN MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY The importance and significance of monitoring are not fully appreciated by government agencies resulting in inadequate resources to support effective monitoring and data management. Many monitoring programs are not supported over a long term and the information derived lacks the foundation to support good management decisions. Monitoring data are also not analysed in a timely manner to be useful to management. Some countries lack reef monitoring capacity altogether. There are also obvious information gaps of coral reefs from Myanmar and Brunei Darussalam that need to be addressed to provide a more complete regional assessment. The common problems associated with the lack of management capacity such as inadequate legislation, inadequate public education, inadequate manpower, limited financial support and agency conflicts all point to the political unwillingness to invest in the management of coral reefs for sustainable development. In most cases, there is a lack of a national or provincial policy on coral reefs. In Thailand for example, most of its coral reefs are being used for ecotourism. Lessons learnt from the past showed very obviously that protection measures against reef degradation were mostly delayed. In order to avoid or minimise coral reef degradation in the future, a more effective action plan is absolutely required. Public awareness and participation are also important for coral reef conservation, and they require long-term support from several agencies. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The disparity in reef monitoring capacity among the region’s countries has to be addressed, and the present level of monitoring enhanced to make monitoring more relevant and useful to management. Monitoring must be long-term to avoid the decisions based on short-term and temporary phenomena. Efforts should be increased to ensure that reef monitoring data are analysed and presented quickly to influence policy responses for reef conservation. In addition, better policy actions can lead to enhanced monitoring. The Philippines is developing a quality control certification process to assist in reef management, which is also linked to funding from the government. Scientists must also be responsible for giving proper interpretation of reef monitoring data to prevent sending misleading messages to the public, which may lead to further deterioration of reefs. A review of different management regimes which have proven effective in conserving or protecting reefs should be conducted and publicised, as these will serve as effective learning lessons that can be replicated across the region to suit different localised conditions and settings. A clear expansion of such efforts will help to increase management of more reefs and help to alter the trend of degradation. This will help governments realise and appreciate the full economic benefits that can be derived from well managed reefs. The coral reefs of the Philippines for example, are estimated to have a potential sustainable economic value of approximately US$9 billion (net present value) and net annual benefits of US$1 billion per year. 141
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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