#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 INTRODUCTION The coast of Eastern Africa has an almost continuous string of coral reefs, whether fringing the coast and islands, or forming barrier or platform reefs offshore from Somalia to just into South Africa. This regional review focuses on the years 2000 to 2002 and builds on the report ‘Status of coral reefs in Eastern Africa: Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania’ by D. Obura, M. Suleiman, H. Motta, and M. Schleyer published in Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. In Eastern Africa, coral reef monitoring data are collected by a variety of national institutions, as well as local and international NGOs. Monitoring activities are an increasingly part of projects to establish and manage Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), in addition to the more traditional scientific monitoring carried out through research organisations. Since 1999, following the massive loss of corals following the El Niño of 1998, increasing efforts are being made to improve regional consistency of monitoring and reporting of information, through the increasing development of national, international and global networks of scientists, coral reef managers and policy-makers. The year 2002 marks the first year in which an inter-governmental task force on coral reefs has been set up by the countries of Eastern Africa (and including the island states) through the Nairobi Convention, coinciding with the region’s hosting of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in South Africa. With these two top-level political landmarks, regional coordination and support for coral reef conservation is increasing rapidly. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION The coast of Eastern Africa covers 40° of Latitude with the warmer temperatures in the central region, cool upwelling areas off the coast of Somalia (10°N) and cooler, temperate waters off South Africa (30°S). The major influence is the South Equatorial Current that splits from about the Kenya-Tanzania border to flow northward to Somalia and south to Mozambique. Little is known of Somali reefs, though well developed coral communities extend as far as the Socotra Archipelago. The extensive string of coral reefs in the central 64
Status of Coral Reefs in Eastern Africa zone is broken by major rivers (e.g. Rufuji, Limpopo and Zambezi) that carry large quantities of sediments and nutrients that impede coral reef growth. Fringing reefs are patchy in northern Kenya because of river discharges and cold Somali current upwelling, whereas a 200km fringing reef dominates the south. This continues for two thirds of the 1000km Tanzanian coast with fringing and patch reefs on a narrow continental shelf. The main reefs occur around Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba and Mafia islands, and along the mainland at Tanga, Pangani, Dar-es-Salaam, Mkuranga, Kilwa (including the extensive Songo Songo Archipelago), Lindi and Mtwara. About 2 million people live on the Kenyan coast, mainly around Mombasa, with a significant percentage of them using reefs for fishing and tourism. The Tanzanian coastal population is about 8 million concentrated around Dar es Salaam, with many of them depending heavily on the coral reefs. The Mozambique coast is the longest (2,700km) with all reef types present: fringing and island reefs near the Tanzania border as well as high latitude reefs near South Africa. The main reef tract is 770km long from the Rovuma River, to Pebane in the south. There are smaller isolated reefs on the 850km coast from Bazaruto Island to Ponta do Ouro. The most southerly coral reefs and coral communities in the western Indian Ocean are in South Africa, growing on a 2-7km wide continental shelf, and rarely reaching the surface. These reefs are remote from human populations, whereas over 6.7 million people with many involved in artisanal and commercial fishing, and tourism live on the Mozambique coast. These coral cover reports for Eastern Africa, before (1997/98) and after (1999 and 2001/02) the El Niño bleaching clearly show the impact on the reefs with high subsequent mortality. Coral cover is listed in percent of the bottom. 1997/98 1999 2001/02 KENYA Northern Kenya (>10 m) 5.7 1.2 (< 3 m) 13.2 5.1 9.9 Southern Kenya (Protected) 39.6 11.4 19.5 (Unprotected) 20.6 11.4 14.4 OVERALL 26.3 8.1 11.25 TANZANIA Tanga 53.0 33.3 Pemba 53.7 12.3 16.3 Unguja 45.8 32.0 37.9 Kunduchi 43.0 35.0 Mafia 73.3 19.4 24 Songosongo 35.0 37.5 Mnazi Bay 60.0 20.0 OVERALL 52.0 27.1 26.1 MOZAMBIQUE Quirimbas 48.4 35 Mozambique I. 32.5 30 Bazaruto 69.5 65 Inhambane 13.8 7 Inhaca 50.0 40 OVERALL 42.8 35.4 65
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary Key sites chosen
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30: Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32: Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34: Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36: Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37 and 38: Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 39 and 40: Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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