#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 WHA RAMSAR GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PARK, SOUTH AFRICA – WORLD HERITAGE SITE The entire east coast of Africa is connected by a chain of coral reefs which extends into the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park World Heritage Site (north-east coast of South Africa). These are at the southern limit of coral reefs in the western Indian Ocean. This site also includes the Ramsar site of Turtle Beaches/ Coral Reefs of Tongaland. The coral reef comprises 3 reef complexes: the Kosi Reefs or Northern Complex; the Sodwana Bay reefs or Central Complex; and Leadsman Shoal or the Southern Complex. The Northern and Southern complexes both lie within highly protected sanctuaries, which limit recreational diver use. The Central Complex is the largest and most accessible by motor vehicle and boat and receives about 100,000 dive visits per year. The major coral reefs in South Africa all are in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park and the combined research and monitoring results have contributed towards the development of a management strategy for the central area. Research has also provided substantial input on the reefs for a proposal to proclaim the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park as a World Heritage Site. The reefs have especially rich biodiversity and tremendous potential for ecotourism. They constitute one of South Africa's most diverse and valuable, yet scarce and fragile ecosystems. The reefs are favoured by sport-fishermen and they have become increasingly popular for sport diving. Ecological Monitoring: Monitoring began in 1991 to provide baseline information on the ecology and management of the reefs. The Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) has conducted coral reef research and monitoring, including programs such as: species composition of the principle fauna; reef community structure; environmental stress factors; reproduction; interactions and human impacts; coral larval dispersal and recruitment; coral bleaching and causes; effects of climate change through biodiversity assessments; and details on the taxonomy and toxicology of various benthic taxa. Larval dispersal and recruitment is monitored on settlement plates, and the possibility of multiple settlement periods for different corals is being investigated. Data from temperature recorders shows an upward trend in sea temperature at Sodwana Bay (0.25°C per year) with a maximum reached in the summer of 2000 nearing those measured during the 1997-1998 El Niño event. While there was very mild bleaching in 1998, bleaching was severe enough to warrant measurement in 2000. Socio-economic Monitoring: No information was provided. Coral reefs are 40% of the natural resources. Ecological Monitoring is effective. Socio-economic Monitoring is unknown. 76
Status of Coral Reefs in Eastern Africa MAB KIUNGA MARINE NATIONAL RESERVE – MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE The 250km 2 Kiunga Marine National Reserve is a marine-protected area in northern Kenya, close to the Somali border. It was gazetted in June 1979, and together with the terrestrial Dodori National Reserve, became a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1980. The area is of local and global importance for its habitat, species and physical and biological processes. Mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs act as homes, nursery and spawning grounds for populations of fishes, crustaceans, invertebrates and mammals. It is a key nesting site for the 3 species of turtles found in Kenya, the Green, Hawksbill and Olive Ridley. Dugong are occasionally seen around the reserve. The area is also known for having the world's largest breeding populations of roseate terns, and is a key feeding ground for many migrant species. Ecological Monitoring: Monthly catch assessments are made in each village around the reserve, providing valuable data to the management authorities and the local fishermen. Catch data are complemented by quarterly fish surveys and coral reef assessments. The Kiunga Marine National Reserve team, in collaboration with the Wildlife Conservation Society, carried out the first coral reef survey in 1998, just before the coral reef bleaching event. Thus it was possible to determine the rates of recovery of coral reefs recently protected from heavy fishing. There are also projects to assess methods to restore degrading reefs. A local community turtle-monitoring program, supported by Kenya Sea Turtle Conservation Committee, was established in 1997. Socio-economic Monitoring: An environmentally friendly handicraft industry has been created to generate income for households and tidy up the beach. Rubber flipflops washed onto the beach are collected and carved into a variety of handicrafts including key rings, necklaces, belts and bags. The income goes directly to the community and to finding long term management strategies for the area. Coral reefs are 50% of the natural resources. Ecological Monitoring is effective. Socio-economic Monitoring is effective. 77
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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