#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 Hawaiian Islands continue to suffer from over-fishing, sediment pollution and tourism pressures from the islands. Fish populations are greater in reserves than heavily fished areas nearby, but efforts to create new no-take reserves are resisted. They are an urgent priority. The American Caribbean There has been a major increase in funding for the U.S. Caribbean, resulting in improved mapping, monitoring, and management of coral reefs. There is now more understanding of the status of these coral reefs, but many of the problems remain, with major losses of corals in Florida, US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Monitoring in the Florida Keys shows that fishes in no-take reserves are larger and more abundant than in fished areas, which is improving public support for increases in management of the reefs. Despite the increases in conservation activities, much remains to be done to ensure the recovery of many of the coral reefs in this region. Northern Caribbean and Western Atlantic There is a continuing decline in coral reefs in easily accessible areas, although the rate of decline may have slowed. More isolated reefs of the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, and Cuba are still relatively healthy, as are reefs of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda, although impacts are increasing. The reefs of the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica have low coral cover and few fish. The deterioration of these reefs is due to nutrient and sediment pollution, coral disease, over-fishing, anchor damage, destructive fishing and tourism pressures. Coral reef tourism, a critical component of the economies, is severely threatened by these losses. Many countries have MPAs but many remain as ‘paper parks’. Central or Mesoamerica The status of the coral reefs appears to be stabilising following considerable damage from coral bleaching, a series of hurricanes and human stresses. Prior to these events, reefs on the Caribbean side were considered in good condition, but hurricanes in 2000, 2001 and 2002 destroyed up to 75% of corals in some parts of Belize. There are intense fishing pressures and sediments and nutrients flowing onto the reefs because of poor land-use practices and unregulated coastal development. These threats are being addressed in a World Bank/GEF project to conserve the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System in partnership with WWF Ecoregional Conservation Program in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico, and other agencies. Efforts include ecosystem monitoring, environmental information systems, strengthening MPA management and raising national capacity and regional cooperation to tackle trans-boundary issues. The Eastern Antilles These islands face the same threats to their coral reefs as described in 2000: increased sedimentation and pollution from coastal development; anchor and tourism diver damage; overfishing due to increased demand; coral bleaching; and severe storms from climate change. Most shallow reefs in the eastern Caribbean have degraded, whereas deeper reefs are less affected. Some islands have established effective management and monitoring programs supported by funds gathered from tourists, however, others are hampered by inadequate legislation, poor enforcement, and insufficient human and financial resources. Reef Check methodology appears most appropriate for monitoring in many areas, and the values of monitoring and protecting areas should be demonstrated to national and local governments. 28
Executive Summary Southern Tropical America The coral reefs in the 5 countries have changed radically since the 1980s, due mostly to anthropogenic stresses compounded by natural disturbances. Live coral cover continues to drop, and many reefs are now dominated by algae. However, some reefs retain coral cover of 20-40% in the Caribbean and above 40% in the Pacific. Brazil has reported monitoring data for the first time, as part of expanded reef monitoring over the last 3 years but this is not adequate for effective management. More government commitment and funds are required to reverse coral reef decline e.g. more MPAs, and better management and enforcement. REVIEWERS Stephen Colwell, Mark Eakin, Marea Hatziolos, Gregor Hodgson, Richard Kenchington, Russell Reichelt, Bernard Salvat, Kristin Sherwood, Robin South, Kristian Teleki. 29
Page 1 and 2: Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD Our two governments have r
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
Page 9 and 10: Countries, States and Territories S
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some of the larger fou
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Coral reefs are coming
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary This report, howe
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary Key sites chosen
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30: Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32: Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34: Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36: Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37: Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 41: Executive Summary Achievements in E
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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