#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 REEFS AT RISK IN THE CARIBBEAN The project aims to raise awareness about threats to coral reefs by compiling and analysing information similar to the process for Southeast Asia. The goal is to guide management interventions at national and international levels using data on location, status and protection of coral reefs across the Wider Caribbean, coupled with estimates of threats from human activities. The analysis collates different threats, and combines them into a region-wide indicator of human pressures on coral reefs. This is a project of the World Resources Institute, the UNEP Caribbean Environment Program (UNEP-CEP) and other partners, including the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN). The following threats are being analysed: Coastal Development: Poorly managed coastal development can threaten coral reefs both through direct impacts (dredging and land-filling) and indirect impacts (sewage discharge, and runoff from constructions). This threat is evaluated via population and infrastructure development along coasts; Sediment and Pollution form Inland Sources: Land-use change and agriculture far inland can damage coral reefs. A region-wide watershed-based analysis will incorporate information on slope, precipitation, land cover and soil type to estimate relative erosion rates (for all areas in each watershed) and sediment delivery by watershed; Marine-based Sources of Pollution: Pollution threatens coral reefs from ports and oil spills, ballast and bilge discharge, dumping of garbage, and direct damage by groundings and anchor damage. These threats are assessed by location of oil infrastructure and size of ports, and shipping patterns; Overfishing: Over-fishing results in reductions in fish size, abundance and species composition, and alters the ecology of reefs. Information is integrated from fisheries agencies of over-fishing indicators developed by the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) and coastal population density; Coral Bleaching: This is an increasing threat to coral reefs as global temperatures rise, and the relative resistance to coral bleaching will be evaluated based on proximity to deep water, degree of enclosure, water movement, cloudiness, and turbidity; Coral Disease: The incidence and patterns of the many coral diseases attacking Caribbean coral reefs will be assessed. The analysis will explore the natural vulnerability of coral reefs to pollution and sedimentation, based on the physical oceanography, particularly the degree of flushing. A revised coral reef map for the Wider Caribbean is being developed by UNEP - World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Additional components include: Management Effectiveness – revised maps of MPAs in the region with indicators of management effectiveness, in collaboration with UNEP-WCMC and UNEP-CEP; Economic Valuation - information on the sustainable economic value of healthy coral reefs and losses that follow damage will be assessed in collaboration with the WorldFish Center. Production is scheduled for early 2004; contact Lauretta Burke, World Resources Institute, LAURETTA@wri.org or www.wri.org\reefsatrisk 324
17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN: THE OECS, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, BARBADOS AND THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES PAUL HOETJES, AMOY LUM KONG, R. JUMAN, ANDRE MILLER, MALDEN MILLER, KALLI DE MEYER AND ALLAN SMITH ABSTRACT The islands of the eastern Caribbean continue to face the same threats to their coral reefs that were described in 2000. These threats include: sedimentation and pollution from coastal development; anchor and diver damage from tourism; overfishing due to increased demand; and coral bleaching and increasingly frequent and severe storms as a result of climate change. The effects of climate change have resulted in the degradation of shallow reefs throughout the eastern Caribbean, whereas deeper reefs have generally been less affected. Some islands have established effective management institutions and monitoring programs that are either well supported or are capable of generating their own revenues. However, others are hampered by inadequate legislation or lack of enforcement of existing legislation, and insufficient human and financial resources. The use of volunteer Reef Check teams for coral reef monitoring has increased management capacity in many areas. There is a need to expand upon these efforts and demonstrate the benefits derived from monitoring programs and protected areas in order to increase support from local governments. INTRODUCTION This region includes the islands of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) plus Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles. Coral reefs are critical to the economies of these islands for tourism and fisheries, but little is known about the status and trends of these reefs and management is often rudimentary and inconsistent. The reefs of Antigua and Barbuda cover about 25km 2 , with large bank reefs, patch reefs and fringing reefs around both islands. Dominica is a steep high island with little reef development, whereas on St. Lucia there are extensive coral reefs off the south and east coasts. Those on the west coast grow mainly as veneers on volcanic rock, but this is the side favoured by the tourists. In Grenada there are patch and fringing reefs on the east and south coasts, and around the islands of the Grenadines. Reefs around Montserrat are exposed to high-energy waves and also have been damaged by volcanic eruptions. The Barbados coral reefs cover 16.4km 2 with an additional 7.2km 2 of coral rubble, which is being consolidated by encrusting algae. The west and south coast has an almost continuous bank reef, which has recently shown signs of recovery from human impacts and bleaching. The northeast and southeast coasts have the most reefs and are the least impacted. The British Virgin Islands consist of 60 small islands, just over 150km 2 in area on a 3,000km 2 shelf of the Puerto Rican Bank. These reefs are very popular for tourists, 325
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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