#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 soon after by the major hurricane ‘Mitch’. This double impact destroyed many corals with losses up to 75% in Belize. Overall there has been a 50% reduction in live coral cover in Belize between 1997 and 1999, and cover has remained relatively stable at that level. Slow recovery is in progress. Eastern Caribbean Like other parts of the wider Caribbean region, there was moderate to severe coral bleaching in 1998, but generally there were low levels of mortality. At one site on Barbados, approximately 20% of bleached corals did not survive, but there were complicating pollution factors. Most reefs show signs of recovery from hurricanes, and sediment and bleaching damage from the previous 10 years. Southern Tropical America There was predominantly slight coral bleaching and minimal mortality during the major 1997-98 El Niño throughout the region. The exception was in the North Bahia and the Abrolhos region, Brazil where up to 80% of corals bleached, but nearly all the corals recovered after 6 months. The major damage to these reefs from bleaching occurred in the 1980s and early 90s. Recovery is slow as the reefs are under a wide range of anthropogenic pressures. CORAL BLEACHING IN 2000 TO 2002 The summary of data below from ReefBase, shows that the big bleaching period after 1998 was in 2002, and the majority of these events were reported from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (where there also are more people researching and monitoring coral reefs). The major bleaching events since 1998 have been in the southwest to central Pacific in early 2000 and again in early 2002. There was also some bleaching in other areas, but the extent was much less than in 1998. So far there does not appear to be any pattern to these latest bleaching events. 2000 Mass bleaching of many coral reefs in Fiji occurred during the La Niña event in 2000, when water temperatures were above the normal maxima for 5 months. Temperatures peaked at 30.0 – 30.5°C during March and April. When 19 reef locations were surveyed during April – July over most parts of Fiji, 64% of colonies were bleached, except in northern Vanua Levu. The most intense bleaching (80% of colonies) was on the southern and east sides of the main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, and also on Kadavu and northern Lau group. An estimated 10 to 40% of corals had died when surveyed 4 four months later. The only areas that appeared to escape bleaching were in the far north. There was also similar, but less severe, coral bleaching at the same time in Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. 2001 There was minor coral bleaching in Reunion during February 2001, but these events were followed by relatively rapid recovery. There was also slight to moderate bleaching in the southern islands of Japan in mid-2001, but mortality was slight and most corals recovered 40
Coral Bleaching and Mortality CORAL BLEACHING RECORDS IN REEFBASE TO 2002 Records of coral bleaching have been assembled into a comprehensive database accessible on ReefBase (www.reefbase.org). There are more than 3,800 records dating back to 1963, which can be queried online to generate maps and reports. There have been over 440 reports of bleaching from over 20 reef regions in 2002. This is the second highest number of records for any year after the massive bleaching events of 1998. A total of 23 reef regions were affected in 1998. The majority of the 2002 records are from the Great Barrier Reef, which is the worst bleaching year on record. Between1998 and 2002, there were 70 bleaching records from 16 countries or territories each year. This either indicates increasing water temperatures and chronic bleaching between major events or more people are more conscious of bleaching. However, the reports from 1998 and 2002 far exceed any other year. in most areas with the first storms in September. There was, however, mortality of up to 45% in parts of the Sekisei Lagoon and 70% on some reefs around Ishigaki Island. Other areas reported slight bleaching, but the corals generally recovered soon after. There was slight bleaching in Fiji in 2001, but much less then in either 2000 or 2002. 2002 There was moderate coral bleaching along the coast of Oman in July 2002 and the Straits of Hormuz in September 2002 when water temperatures were 2°C above normal summer maxima, however the level of mortality is unknown. There was a major coral mortality event on the island of Rodrigues (part of Mauritius) in March 2002 with losses of coral cover of between 10% and 75%, apparently associated with a relatively localised warm water event. There was also localised bleaching around the same time on parts of the Seychelles. There was a further reduction in the live coral cover in the Gulf of Mannar, India with more bleaching in early 2002 in shallow areas. Some susceptible branching corals died, and many of the massive corals bleached, but most of these have since recovered. 41
Page 1 and 2: Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD Our two governments have r
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
Page 9 and 10: Countries, States and Territories S
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some of the larger fou
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Coral reefs are coming
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary This report, howe
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary Key sites chosen
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30: Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32: Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34: Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36: Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37 and 38: Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 39 and 40: Executive Summary Southern Tropical
Page 41: Executive Summary Achievements in E
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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