#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION The islands of Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Grenada have collaborated in the development of similar Fisheries Acts and Regulations. In general, all damaging practices are prohibited and there is adequate legislation to enable the establishment of Marine Reserves and Local Fisheries Management Authorities. Barbados has enacted comprehensive statutory laws for the management of all coastal areas that incorporates existing fragmented laws. Similar laws have been passed to control land based pollution. The French Caribbean There is existing legislation to regulate fishing and collecting of marine organisms and to ban collecting using scuba. Minimum mesh size for fish traps has been enacted as well as controls on the harvest of sea urchin, queen conch, and lobsters. There are also specific laws to protect turtles and attempt to control ciguatera. These laws are well accepted in Guadeloupe and Saint-Barthélémy, but not on Saint-Martin. The Netherlands Antilles Bonaire The Bonaire National Marine Park was established in 1979 and has been under continuous active management since 1991. The park includes 2,700ha of coral reef, seagrass and mangrove ecosystems and management activities include maintenance of Park infrastructure and public moorings, provision of outreach and education, research, monitoring and law enforcement. The Bonaire Marine Park also acts formally and informally as an Advisory Body and the Marine Park is protected under the Marine Environment Ordinance. In 1999 it was declared a National Park and is managed by the Bonaire National Parks Foundation, a local NGO, which also manages the island of Klein Bonaire and the Washington Slagbaai Terrestrial Park. The Marine Park successfully supports its manager and 4 rangers from diver admission fees. Monitoring is conducted by visiting scientists, park staff and volunteers. Bonaire is a CARICOMP site, implements Reef Check annually and has also set up AGRRA monitoring stations. Curaçao The Curaçao Marine Park encompasses 20km of coastline from Oostpunt to Willemstad. Despite being established by the island government in 1983 there is no legislative support. Only the collection of coral and spear-fishing are banned, but enforcement is insufficient. Management of the Marine Park has been delegated by the government to the Carmabi Foundation, an NGO that also manages terrestrial parks and is active in ecological research. Since the Marine Park has no income and receives only a relatively small subsidy from the island government, management has been restricted with only a part-time manager and no other staff. Curaçao has had a CARICOMP site since 1994, but this has not been monitored since 2000. Since 1997 a volunteer NGO, Reef Care Curaçao has run regular Reef Check monitoring. Saba The Saba National Marine Park (SMP) was established in 1987 under the Marine Environment Ordinance of Saba. It circles the entire island from the high-water mark to 334
Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean 60m and is managed using a multiple-use zoning plan with mooring buoys in place to prevent anchor damage. The park is financially self-supporting through visitor fees, souvenir sales, and donations. Management administration is under the Saba Conservation Foundation, a local NGO, which employs a marine park manager, an assistant manager and a visitors centre attendant. St. Eustatius The St. Eustatius Marine Park was established in 1996 under the Marine Environment Ordinance of St. Eustatius and encompasses all the waters surrounding St. Eustatius from the high water mark to 30m. The park contains two ‘no take zones’ to help replenish the fish populations. The park has been actively managed since 1998 by the local NGO, St. Eustatius National Parks Foundation. The number of visitors is insufficient for the park to be financially self supporting from diver levies, and it is a constant struggle to maintain funds for management. Donations and subsidies from WWF and island and national governments have kept it going. A new levy on tankers visiting the island oil terminal is expected to provide sufficient funds for management. The Marine Park has a manager, an assistant manager and an office/visitor centre manager and successfully recruits volunteers to supplement the workforce. St. Maarten It is expected that a Marine Park will be designated in 2002. A local NGO (St. Maarten Nature Foundation), with funds from WWF, is being formed to manage the reefs. This NGO employs a part time director and a park manager and assistant manager who are already placing moorings and implementing monitoring, as well as educational and outreach activities. Trinidad and Tobago Environmental issues have relatively low priority on the National Agenda. There are a range of problems: inadequate financial and human resources for proper management; inadequate law enforcement; unsustainable coastal development and activities; and inadequate coral reef research and monitoring programs. GAPS IN CURRENT MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY There is wide variability in the capacity for coral reef monitoring and management in governments and NGOs in the eastern Caribbean islands, therefore it is clear that improved capacity across the board is needed. Those islands that have marine research institutions or have participated in the CARICOMP program have greater capacity, whereas most government fisheries departments have few trained staff. The use of Reef Check protocols has permitted some governments and NGOs to start monitoring the corals and fishes, in parallel with creel surveys at landing sites. This has been particularly evident in the BVI. There are no or few baseline monitoring data in Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat and the other Eastern Caribbean islands. In Barbados and BVI, some data have been collected on corals, fishes and water quality, but there are both gaps in time and over large areas. Most monitoring in the French Caribbean is centred on Guadeloupe, with recent monitoring started on Martinique and Saint-Barthélémy. 335
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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