#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 WHS THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, EQUADOR – WORLD HERITAGE SITE The Galapagos were made famous by Charles Darwin who visited these remote and apparently inhospitable volcanic islands in 1835. The islands were granted World Heritage status in 1978 in recognition of their unique wildlife on land, but only recently has the marine biodiversity received attention. There are over a million sea birds of 19 different species, thousands of coastal birds, 100,000 sea lions, hammerhead and Galapagos sharks, and the flightless cormorant, penguin, and the Galapagos albatross. Green and hawksbill turtles are common and nearly 300 fish species have been recorded, with 23% being endemic. The Galapagos are far from Ecuador in the eastern Pacific. Resource access disputes are causing increasing problems for management as most of the 15,000 people live on 3% of the land and are either fishers, farmers or tourism operators. The 70,000 tourists generate over US$55 million per year, but the impacts are minimised because they live on large cruise ships, or arrive by air and use smaller boats. Tourist scuba diving is increasing. The local population expanded dramatically in the 1970s and 80s due to tourism and to exploit the fishing resources of sea cucumber, shark, tuna and lobster. Biologists and conservationists agree that the Galapagos over-fished and that marine biodiversity is under threat. The first management plan for the Galapagos Marine Reserve in 1992 was largely ignored and social unrest increased over attempts to ban fishing for sea cucumbers. New legal, administrative and community participation structures are being designed to improve conservation of marine ecosystems. The Charles Darwin Research Station was established in 1959 and advises the National Park Service of the Galapagos on protective programs for the marine ecosystem, tourism policies and environmental education programs. Ecological Monitoring: The first surveys of the coral reefs were in 1983 after there was 97% mortality of the corals during the severe El Niño of 1982/3. It was considered that the event may have resulted in localised extinctions of Pocillopora species of hard coral. After re-growth, the 1997/1998 bleaching event devastated the Porites and Pavona species down to 30m, with extensive bleaching in 10 to 15 m depth. The re-growth of Pocillopora seemed to be largely resistant during the 1998 event. Socio-economic Monitoring: The Charles Darwin Research Station has participatory fisheries monitoring of catch, by-catch, consumption, market prices etc. to use in adaptive management of the Galapagos Islands. Coral reefs are 5% the natural resources. Ecological Monitoring is occasional. Socio-economic Monitoring is occasional. 358
Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America MAB SEAFLOWER, COLOMBIA – MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE The Seaflower Biosphere Reserve is in the Southwest Caribbean, about 1000km northwest of Colombia. It is a large reserve, covering about 300,000km 2 of island and sea territory. It contains the archipelagoes of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, with 3 small populated islands (only 57km 2 but 60,000 inhabitants), several sand cays and numerous banks, atolls and complex coral reef areas. The reserve is principally oceanic; however, it includes at least 2,200 km 2 of reef environments, with 826 km 2 of coral reefs. The three major islands also have large mangrove forests and seagrass beds. The oceanic reefs of the archipelago are mostly bank-reef type with wide fore-reefs; almost continuous peripheral reefs on the windward side; and poorly developed reef tracts and lagoons on the leeward side. There is high biodiversity of hard corals (57 species), gorgonians (40), sponges (118), algae (163), and fishes (273). Ecological Monitoring: There has been long-term coral reef monitoring by CORALINA and INVEMAR under the CARICOMP and SIMAC programs since 1998 in San Andrés island (5 stations), and more recently in Providencia island (4 stations). There has also been some monitoring of the mangroves, seagrasses and beaches of these major islands and the potential impacts of global climate change on these ecosystems. Socio-economic Monitoring: There have been socio-economic studies of the interactions of fishing and other communities with the biosphere reserve. Contact: June Marie Mow, Corporación CORALINA, San Andrés, Colombia; coralsai@col1.telecom.com.co Coral reefs are 60% of the natural resources. Ecological Monitoring is effective. Socio-economic Monitoring is effective. 359
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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