#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 lying Pacific islands are particularly susceptible to sea level rise associated with climate change. Tuvalu stressed this at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in September 2002 noting that the upward growth of the islands is unlikely to keep pace with the predicted sea level rises of 15-95cm by 2100. There is already evidence of accelerating shoreline erosion on some islands. STATUS OF REEF CONSERVATION These countries, assisted by SPREP, developed National Environment Management Strategies (NEMS) prior to the 1992 UNCED Conference. As most are relatively small countries, SPREP assists them with compliance with Conventions and Agreements on marine conservation and sustainable development (Convention on Biological Diversity, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change etc). The Activity Plan for the Conservation of Coral Reefs in the Pacific Islands Region (1998- 2002) targets 5 areas: education and awareness; monitoring, assessment and research; capacity building; legislation; and networking and linkages across people and programs. Customary marine tenure that was often designed to conserve marine resources existed in all countries prior to Western influences and was based on ancestral rights and administered at various levels (tribe, village, clan, family). However, many of these traditions have been devalued through the more ‘western’ governance and zoning structures that emphasise resources as common property. The challenge for these countries is to retain and where possible re-instate traditional management into future MPA and coastal zone management plans. It is necessary, however, to use care in adopting traditional rules into modern contexts; they should be a source of inspiration, and will not work in all areas. Fiji Traditional systems still exist in Fiji, but are collapsing under commercial pressures to exploit coastal resources. Fiji has no national system of MPAs, however there is a growing network of village owned and managed MPAs under the Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMA) project. This is modelled on the traditional system, but adapted to suit the changing circumstances. Dive operators and NGOs are also very active in raising awareness and promoting reef conservation. The USP and other agencies established the LMMA project to promote coral reef conservation, using a system modelled on the village-owned and managed MPAs following the Fijian traditional customary marine tenure system. An important component is training villagers to monitor the resources within the protected areas. The goals of these MPAs vary: fishing grounds in Macuata and Verata are closed to allow recovery of overfished reefs; other areas prohibit poison fishing; some limit gillnet mesh size to 7cm; others ban turtle and coral harvesting; or suspend the issuing of commercial fishing licenses to outsiders. Locals have been trained as guides in a protected area in Waitabu, Taveuni for an average of 22 snorkelling tourists per month. The Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific (FSP) has assisted villagers in Viti Levu in coral gardening to rehabilitate damaged coral reefs, and to establish 4 MPAs. They also collaborate with the Shangri-La resort on sewage management and 192
Status of Coral Reefs in the Southwest Pacific mitigation of freshwater and pollution impacts. The Fiji Dive Operators Association, and the Cousteau and Namenala resorts also work with their neighbouring communities to establish protected areas. Other initiatives include: a SPREP funded MPA at Ono-I Lau, which may be nominated as a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere reserve, in collaboration with USP; the Women in Fisheries network with the Southern Cross University in Australia; promotion of village level resource management in Gau; and a Fisheries Department managed MPA around the research station at Makogai Islands, East of Viti Levu. Nauru There is no system of MPAs, no relevant legislation and no traditional marine tenure in Nauru. Some conservation planning is underway. New Caledonia Coral reef conservation in New Caledonia is more advanced than the other countries with MPAs covering 37,500ha, plus a 1km wide commercial gillnet fishing restriction zone around the islands. The current Environment Plan for the North Province proposes 10% of coral reefs for strict protection and 10% for subsistence use, with recognition of customary reserves and fishing zones. There are complex legal problems to be resolved before this can be implemented. Fishing regulations prohibit fishing with scuba at night, nets set in estuaries and mangroves and the use of explosives and poisons. There are specific regulations on turtles, dugong, corals, aquarium fish, rock oysters, lobsters, mangrove crabs, trochus, mullets and rabbitfish. Mooring buoys have been established around Noumea, where recreational fishing and boating pressures are quite high. Samoa The traditional management system still exists in Samoa, with more than 50 fish reserves being established under the Village Fisheries Management Plan. The only national marine reserve is the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve and 2 new MPAs in Aleipata and Safata districts, on Upolu Island are being established by IUCN and the Samoan government. Solomon Islands There are still extensive traditional conservation practises in the Solomon Islands, but the only national MPA is the Arnavon Marine Conservation Area (Isabel and Choiseul Islands) because it is an important turtle nesting area. Current plans to establish community-based marine conservation areas are on hold because the government is non-functional. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is encouraging community involvement in the management of the Arnavon MPA. Tuvalu The traditional marine tenure system in Tuvalu has broken down, but a conservation ethic remains and the first marine park was established at Funafuti Lagoon. Recent conservation efforts include a ban on using coral rock and sand in construction, the restriction of fishing to only hook and line methods in the lagoons, and the closure of some lagoon areas to fishing. 193
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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