#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 development, and the downstream effects of land use. The cumulative impacts of these place critical pressures on the World Heritage Area and require significant management inputs. At present, only 4.7% of the Marine Park is included in fully protected, no-take zones, but a comprehensive rezoning process is currently underway. Ecological monitoring: Research on the GBR started with the Great Barrier Reef Committee (now Australian Coral Reef Society) in 1922 and the British Great Barrier Reef Expedition to the Low Isles in 1928-29. Research has become more critical after the GBR was included as a World Heritage Site, after coral bleaching events and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, and with intensifying human demands on the resources. The Cooperative Research Center for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (CRC Reef), James Cook University and the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) have extensive coral reef research and monitoring programs that cover many scientific disciplines and parameters. The AIMS Long-term Monitoring Program on the GBR has been in operation since 1992, and 48 ‘core’ reefs across the continental shelf and along the length of the GBR are monitored for benthic organisms and 191 fish species each year. The whole perimeter of these reefs and 50 others are surveyed to record crown-of-thorns starfish densities and reef-wide coral cover. There are also many specific research and monitoring programs by government agencies, research institutes, universities and industry groups, which take place in, or are directly relevant to, the GBRWHA. Socio-economic monitoring: Social and economic data on communities and industries in or adjacent to the GBRWHA are collected by various government agencies. The CRC Reef, the GBRMPA and various academic institutions also conduct targeted social and economic research programs. Monitoring effectiveness: The GBRMPA relies heavily on the monitoring data for management decisions. The CRC Reef is the primary research provider and facilitates a large-scale, coordinated, multidisciplinary research program. GBRMPA also uses data generated from research programs conducted by universities, independent consultants and other government agencies. Coral reefs are 90% the natural resources: Ecological Monitoring is substantial. Socio-economic Monitoring is effective. 180
10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC TO 2002: FIJI, NAURU, NEW CALEDONIA, SAMOA, SOLOMON ISLANDS, TUVALU AND VANUATU REUBEN SULU, ROBYN CUMMING, LAURENT WANTIEZ, LYNETTE KUMAR, ANTONIO MULIPOLA, MALWINE LOBER, SAMASONI SAUNI, T. POULASI AND KALO PAKOA ABSTRACT The coral reefs of these 7 countries continue to degrade as a result of human pressures, with a new threat emerging in 2000 and 2002. Coral bleaching and mortality was not a problem during the major global bleaching event of 1997-98, but there have been severe bleaching episodes since then, particularly in Fiji, and to a lesser extent in Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Bleaching mortality now ranks as probably the major threat to the reefs in this region, along with over-exploitation of reef fisheries. On the brighter side, there have been expansions of coral reef monitoring activities and capacity within the GCRMN and Reef Check frameworks. Similarly, many local and international NGOs have assisted communities to establish their own MPAs to monitor and conserve their coral reef resources. This is strongest in Samoa and Fiji, with some encouraging initiatives in Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Coral health and fish populations are now increasing in some of these MPAs. Ethnic tension in the Solomon Islands has meant an almost total breakdown in government conservation activities, and the immediate prospects for conservation are not encouraging. INTRODUCTION The Southwest Pacific Node is now coordinated by the Institute of Marine Resources (IMR), University of the South Pacific and consists of: Fiji, Nauru, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. The node was previously coordinated by the International Ocean Institute – Pacific Islands. The IMR-Southwest Pacific node has over 2,100 islands, islets and cays with combined Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of over 6.5 million km 2 , but the land area is only 81,000 km 2 (1.2%). There are 3 cultural groups consisting of Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu), Polynesia (Samoa and Tuvalu) and Micronesia (Nauru), with an estimated population of about 1.8 million. Abundant and diverse reef types exist within the Node. Narrow fringing reefs border most high island shorelines and are frequently separated from the shore by a shallow channel. Much wider barrier reefs are separated from the shore by deep lagoons up to 70 m deep in Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The Great Sea Reef of Fiji is 370km long and one of the largest reefs in the South Pacific. Double barrier reefs are rare and occur only in the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia, where there is a reef lagoon area of 181
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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