#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 Coral cover has not significantly changed since 1972; it averaged 47% in 1995, and 52% in 1997. Coralline algae cover is 45.4%, algal cover is low at 2.7%, and there are some sponges (1.5%), and sand patches (
Status of Coral Reefs in the US Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico LUIS PEÑA CHANNEL NO-TAKE MARINE RESERVE, PUERTO RICO The Island of Culebra is 27km east of Puerto Rico and is only 11 by 5km. The surrounding waters sustain an extensive and varied coral reef that is healthier than most others in Puerto Rico. The Culebra Fisher’s Association recognized that overfishing was a problem in their areas and having serious consequences for their artisanal fishing livelihood. Through their own initiative and with the assistance of a volunteer fisheries scientist, the association catalyzed the conservation effort by petitioning the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of the Puerto Rico Government to designate a ‘no-take’ zone on the west side of the island in 1999. The Biology Department of the University of Puerto Rico-Rio (Piedras) conducted scientific monitoring, both before and after the establishment of the reserve, and their results show that fish abundance has increased dramatically and species numbers have increased by 38%. Dramatic increases in the abundance (2,539%) and in the biomass (26,618%) of the yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) were noted as well as significant increases in the abundance (414%) and biomass (868%) of the schoolmaster (Lutjanus apodus). The designation of the Luis Peña Channel No-Take Marine Reserve in Culebra, Puerto Rico is a clear demonstration of a grassroots effort to manage local fisheries resources. There are extensive seagrass beds in the shallow water around Puerto Rico and mangroves fringe the southern coast. Massive macroalgal cover on the nearshore reefs, first observed in the 1970s, continues to kill corals. Such major cover by macroalgae is indicative of eutrophication from sewage and urban outfalls and low populations of algal grazing fishes. There has been definite degradation of water quality around all reefs off the southern coast of Puerto Rico due to high sediment inputs and increased turbidity. There has been clearcutting of the hillsides leading to increased sediment runoff during rainy periods, and sewage is discharged into the sea. Mangrove channels and reefs may be affected by sewage discharge from upstream sources (e.g. off Guayanilla, Guancia, and Ponce). Three rivers pour excessive sediments, sewage, and nutrients from agriculture and tuna canneries onto the near-shore reefs in the west. The fore-reefs off the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve have been severely damaged by sediments from coastal erosion and long-shore transport from the towns of Guayama and Salinas. The Environmental Quality Board reported that 97.7% of 88 sites around Puerto Rico can support aquatic life (e.g. 10% or less of the shore area violates health standards) and only 1.8% are more than 25% in violation of the standards, which measure turbidity, ammonia, dissolved oxygen problems linked to industrial and municipal, sewage disposal, urban runoff, land disposal, and marinas. The U.S. EPA cited the Bacardi Corporation for Clean Water Act Violations when in 2001 they discharged rum processing wastes that are toxic to mangroves and coral reefs. 257
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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