#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 ICRAN WHS MAB SIAN KA’AN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, MEXICO – ICRAN DEMONSTRATION SITE Sian Ka'an, a 5,300km 2 Biosphere Reserve on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was designated a World Heritage area in 1987. The area contains saltwater, brackish and freshwater lagoons and limestone sinkholes fed by underground rivers and springs. Sian Ka’an also includes one of Mexico's largest protected coastal wetlands for thousands of species of plants and animals, many of them endangered. There is also a MPA with approximately 150,000ha of coral reefs, which are renowned for their sportfish populations of tarpon, bonefish, snook and permit. It is in the 2nd largest barrier reef in the world and contains considerable biodiversity.Fishing is the major activity and many of the people are involved in fishing, with spiny lobster the main catch (75%) that sells for about US$15 per kilo for a total yearly catch of 80 tons over the last 11 years. Most is exported to the USA and Japan. Long-term conservation plans for the Reserve focus on fisheries and tourism in the coastal zone. Uncontrolled growth of tourism is a major threat, but the local management agencies and stakeholders believe that the future of Sian Ka’an lies in small scale tourism such as sport fishing, snorkelling, kayaking, nature walks, camping and wildlife observation. The paramount management goals of the area include: preserving the physical integrity of the area; promoting reasonable use of the natural resources; fostering social integration; spearheading research and education; and securing financing for the operation of the area. Zoning: The reserve is divided into: a Core Zone, containing the best preserved areas for conservation and limited scientific research; Buffer Zone, where low-impact human activities and sustainable use of natural resources are permitted within reserve boundaries; and Cooperation Zone, which includes those lands and human settlements located adjacent to the boundaries of the reserve, where natural resource management measures are also applied. Ecological Monitoring: During the last decade of reef monitoring in Sian Ka’an, changes in the number of species, coral cover, algae and fish, have been noted in every monitoring station, but these changes are not statistically significant. This variation is attributed to hurricanes, El Niño, and bleaching. Socio-economic Monitoring: A socio-economic assessment is being implemented to elucidate the changes in the coastal communities of the Reserve. This ICRAN project aims to demonstrate the value of community-based management along the coast line. This project will also provide baseline data to contribute to the implementation of a long term socio-economic monitoring program. Monitoring Effectiveness: Long-term ecological monitoring of Sian Ka’an has contributed valuable scientific data that has been crucial for decision making and the development of management measures. It has provided information on the ecosystems and resource conservation status, as well as on the trends related to human impacts. Contact: Oscar Álvarez, Cancún, México, oalvarez@conanp.gob.mx Coral reefs are 30% of the natural resources. Ecological Monitoring is effective. Socio-economic Monitoring is effective. 322
Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoamerica ICRAN HOL CHAN MARINE RESERVE, BELIZE – ICRAN DEMONSTRATION SITE The Reserve is on Ambergris Caye, about 6km south of San Pedro Town in northern Belize, and contains coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests. The main feature is a natural break in the reef, the Hol Chan Cut. The Hol Chan Marine Reserve was established in 1987 with protected areas designated for no-fishing, no dredging of seagrasses, and no cutting of mangrove forests, and aimed at protecting the reefs and habitats for commercially important species. The Reserve is multi-use and divided into 4 zones: A - includes the barrier reef and is a no-take zone; B - consists of seagrass meadows where traditional fishing is allowed, but spear fishing and nets are prohibited; C - includes the southern tip of Ambergris Caye and 7 mangrove islands, where the cutting of mangroves and disturbing wildlife is prohibited; and D - Shark and Ray Alley, with 2 ‘Exclusive Recreational Areas’ where diving and snorkelling are allowed. Tourism has become the major income activity in Belize, however, environmental pressures are increasing and damaging the resources that attract tourists. Over-fishing of lobster and conch result from an increased demand for seafood. Tourism developments have involved dredging, cutting of mangroves, and pollution. Ecological Monitoring: The monitoring program of the Reserve staff is not fully effective or consistent due to a lack of finance and manpower. Funding from Caribbean office of UNEP and the ICRAN project, is upgrading monitoring by training park staff to dive instructor level so that they will train volunteers from San Pedro town to form the core monitoring group and undertake public education campaigns. Lobster and conch populations are monitored, and fish populations assessed with a visual census technique. Corals are monitored using a line intercept technique and the CARICOMP methods. Some data are available e.g. there was 25% live coral cover at Tackle Box, Ambergris Caye in 1994, and 20% cover at Gallows Reef in 1992. The shallow Mexico Rocks patch reef off Ambergris Cay had 84% coral cover in 1993, but this dropped to 66% in 1995, due to the 1995 coral bleaching even, and coral cover in Hol Chan was estimated at 39.6%. Socio-economic Monitoring: Visitor impacts are assessed by observing recreational divers for half an hour. Monitoring Effectiveness: The Hol Chan MPA was established in 1987 as a response to the decline in fish stocks. An assessment program selected the preferred area with good coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds. Since the establishment, there has been an improvement in fish stocks, and monitoring enables the management to demonstrate that the MPA is fulfilling its objectives compared with adjacent areas. The current monitoring program aims is to show fishers any spill-over effect with increased fish, lobster and conch populations being available in nearby fishing areas. Monitoring results are used to stimulate interest among stakeholders and to convince visitors and locals of the benefits of the MPA. Plans are underway to extend the Hol Chan MPA, and create additional reserves, with support from the Tour Guide Association and local fishermen, largely stimulated by monitoring data that demonstrate benefits from the MPA. Contact: Miguel Alamilla, San Pedro Town, Belize, hcmr@btl.net Coral reefs are 60% of the natural resources. Ecological Monitoring is effective. Socio-economic Monitoring is effective. 323
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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