#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 St. Maarten is the Netherlands part at the southern end of the island of St. Martin with the remainder being under French administration. This island is on the shallow submarine Anguilla Bank, together with Anguilla and St. Barth. Patch reefs with spur and groove structures are concentrated at the east and south-eastern part of the island from 8-18m depth. In 1999, average hard coral cover was about 30% with bleaching and some diseased corals evident. Trinidad and Tobago CARICOMP data for Eastern Reef, Tobago shows virtually unchanged cover of hard and soft corals, or algae over 5 years. There are occasional elevated values of ammonia, nitrates and petroleum hydrocarbons on some of the reefs with discharges from land being the likely cause. The most common problems are coral bleaching and diseases, but these have been much less than elsewhere in the Caribbean. There was a major fish kill around on Trinidad and Tobago reefs in 1999 that correlated with flooding of the major South American rivers. Live coral cover for Eastern Reef, Tobago has changed little between 1996 and 2000. Reef Component Total Percent Cover 1996 1997 1998 2000 Algae (fleshy & turf) 44.9 37.3 32.9 42.8 Hard Coral 29.4 29.9 33.6 30.6 Soft Coral 3.1 4.7 5.0 4.8 STATUS OF CORAL REEF FISHES Most reef fisheries are artisanal in most of the English-speaking islands, but few data are available. The pelagic fishery includes 40-55 species, most of which appear to be overfished. Barbados Fisheries are an important tradition in Barbados contributing 1% of GDP in 1995 and employing 2,000 people. The objective of the Fisheries Management Plan of 1997 was to ensure the optimum utilisation of the fisheries resources in waters of Barbados. The principal fisheries in the plan are: shallow reef fishes; deep reef slope fishes; coastal pelagics; large pelagics; flying fish; lobsters; and sea urchins (Tripneustes ventricosus). However, all targeted reef fish species have been over-fished, particularly the parrotfishes (algal grazers), which are caught on lines, in traps and are speared by divers. The Netherlands Antilles There are hundreds of artisanal fishermen in the coastal areas of Curaçao, and the major target fishes are pelagic species. Fish traps and gill nets are used and spear-fishing is illegal, but still practiced. Fish populations have been severely reduced and few large fishes, lobsters or conchs are seen on the reefs due to heavy fishing pressures. Large groupers and full-size parrotfish are very rare, however, snappers and small parrotfish are still fairly frequent. Turtles are protected, but are occasionally caught as by-catch and sometimes slaughtered. Similarly on Bonaire there are hundreds of fishermen who fish for recreation, as well as 20-30 commercial fishermen who fish exclusively for pelagic 330
Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean CORAL DISEASE IN EASTERN BUCCOO REEF, TOBAGO Coral diseases have severely damaged Caribbean reefs since the 1980s but frequently there is insufficient information to determine causes and possible management actions. Surveys of 1269 colonies of 32 species for coral diseases at 2 sites on Buccoo Reef during October 2001 showed that 89.2% of the colonies were free of coral disease at Eastern Buccoo Reef I, but 10.1% of colonies were diseased, 0.4% were bleached and 0.2% showed signs of injury. On Eastern Buccoo Reef II, 84% of colonies were healthy, 10.4% diseased, 3.3% bleached and 2.3% showed injury. The predominant diseases were Dark Spot (affecting 4.3% of colonies at Reef I and 7.3% at Reef II), Yellow Band (3.5% and 3.1% respectively), White Pox, and White band Type I. Dark Spot occurred on 0.5% of M. annularis and 46.6% of Siderastrea sp. colonies, while yellow band disease occurred only in M. annularis, affecting 10.8% of colonies. Disease at Buccoo Reef averaged 10.2%, which is higher than in other locations in the Caribbean e.g. less than 2% in Jamaica and Barbados. The higher incidence in Tobago may be due to the nearby Orinoco River, which carries large sediment and fresh water loads during the rainy season (June-December). The dominant species at both sites as % relative abundance of colonies. Species Eastern Buccoo I Eastern Buccoo II Montastrea annularis 34.0% 27.4% Agaricia sp. 18.8% 5.3% Briareum asbestinum 16.6% 10.4% Siderastrea sp. 13.0% 12.7% Mycetophyllia lamarckiana 4.3% 0.1% Millepora sp. 3.9% 1.1% Diploria sp. 3.3% - Colpophyllia natans 1.7% 7.8% Pseudopterogorgia sp. 1.4% 0.3% Montastrea cavernosa 0.8% 0.9% fishes. There are no data on the number of artisanal fishermen or catch data. Whilst they primarily target pelagic fish, some of Bonaire’s reefs are suffering from over-fishing as shown by an absence of grouper, conch and lobster, and reductions in snapper populations. Parrotfish are still plentiful and are not commonly targeted by fishermen. Spear-fishing, which is illegal, constitutes a small but persistent problem. Turtles are completely protected although some illegal poaching continues. St. Eustatius has only 5 full-time fishermen, and 10 others who fish to supplement income. Fish traps are used to capture lobster and fish, and lobster are sold to local restaurants and to St. Maarten. Spear-fishing with scuba is illegal, but is still practiced. No fishing is allowed in the two marine reserves. Yellowtail snapper and grouper are prized fish, but locals eat almost any reef fish. The conch fishery was substantial until 2001, until the regulations started being enforced. They are currently fished illegally, although much lower than before 2001 and the populations appear healthy. Turtles are protected, 331
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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