#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 MONITORING THE HON MUN MPA IN VIETNAM FOR IMPROVED MANAGEMENT Hon Mun in Nha Trang Bay is the first MPA in Vietnam and is recognised for its rich biodiversity with has strong biogeographic links to the Indo-west Pacific centre of diversity. There are 9 islands with about 6,000 local villagers who rely on the reefs and waters for subsistence fishing, but the area is also the focus of rapidly developing commercial fisheries, aquaculture, shipping and tourism. These provide both threats and opportunities for successful management. For these reasons, the Government of Vietnam and the World Conservation Union (IUCN, with support from Global Environment Facility - World Bank and Danish Government) established Hon Mun as a model for an integrated MPA network in Vietnam. Ecological and socio-economic monitoring programs were established to assist management through collaborations among the MPA Project, the Institute of Oceanography and the local villagers. They are documenting the present status of the resources to be used to detect trends and management effectiveness. The ecological monitoring has three tiers based on GCRMN protocols: habitat assessment using manta-tow; community-based resource assessment by local villagers using Reef Check and local indicators; and more-detailed scientific assessment of diversity and coral cover, abundance of demersal fish, molluscs, echinoderms and algae and the quality of the water. The socio-economic assessments use participatory rural appraisal (including village mapping and interviews) to identify local concerns and aspirations, and fisheries logbooks, surveys and government statistics to define trends in demography, employment, living standards and resourceuse. Initial results indicate that coral cover and diversity in a few small areas remain in excellent condition, with up to 100% cover and 350 hard coral species. However, many other reefs in the MPA have suffered severe damage from blast and poison fishing, crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks, careless anchoring and river runoff. The villagers report that fisheries resources are heavily over-exploited with declining catches and some local extinctions. The findings are the basis for education and awareness campaigns to improve compliance with MPA regulations, especially enforcement, and in refining the MPA zoning plan. These findings have also fostered new community-based management initiatives, including a COTS control program by local villagers and dive clubs. From: Lyndon DeVantier, Chu Tien Vinh, Truong Kinh, Bernard O'Callaghan, Vo Si Tuan, Nguyen Van Long, Nguyen Xuan Hoa, Hua Thai Tuyen, Kim Hoang, Nguyen Thi Hai Yen, Nguyen Thi Ha Nguyen; contact: general@honmunmpa.org.vn IMPACT OF THE 1998 EL NIÑO EVENT Indonesia No bleaching was reported for Indonesia during the 1987-88 or 1991-92 events, which were severe elsewhere in the world. During the 1998 bleaching event, however, there was moderate to severe damage reported from number of sites throughout Indonesia. In early 1998, bleaching was first observed in west Sumatra centred on the Mentawi Islands, which resulted in over 90% mortality. Towards mid 1998, bleaching occurred at several sites: North Sulawesi; Togian and Banggai Islands; Taka Bone Rate and Lombok Islands; Bali; 130
Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reefs REEFS AT RISK IN SOUTHEAST ASIA The coral reefs of Southeast Asia are severely threatened, however, there is insufficient specific information on the status and nature of threats to specific reef areas for effective decision making to conserve coastal resources. The Reefs at Risk project has developed standardised indicators to raise awareness about specific threats to coral reefs and highlight the linkages between human activities and coral reef condition. The World Resources Institute and 20 other partner institutions consolidated available information on the location, status and protection of coral reefs across the region, and estimated threats from human activities. The project developed standardized indicators of threats from coastal development, marine-based pollution, watershed-based pollution and sedimentation, over-fishing and destructive fishing in Southeast Asia. Coral reef area and threats were estimated to compare the sustainable economic value of healthy reefs and the losses from damaging activities. The key findings, maps of threats to coral reefs, and downloadable GIS data sets, are at www.wri.org/reefsatrisk. Biological Endowment: Southeast Asia has nearly 100,000km 2 of coral reefs (34% of the world total) with the world’s highest marine biodiversity (over 600 hard coral species). This is also the global center of biodiversity for coral reef fishes, molluscs, and crustaceans, mangroves and seagrasses. Threats to Coral Reefs: Population growth, associated development, and resource demands are threatening the coastal resources of Southeast Asia, via over-exploitation and degradation of many coral reefs, particularly those near the cities. The main threats are as follows: Coastal Development: Dredging, landfilling, mining of sand and coral, coastal construction, and discharge of sewage threaten 25% of the coral reefs at medium to high threat. Reefs of Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Japan are the most threatened by coastal development, each with over 40% at medium or high threat; Marine-based Pollution: Pollution from ports, oil spills and leakage, ballast and bilge discharge, and dumping from ships threaten 7% of the coral reefs, with Japan and Taiwan having the highest threats at 15%. Cambodia and Singapore have few coral reefs, but most of these are threatened (medium or higher) by marine pollution (30 and 100%, respectively); Sediment and Pollution from Inland Sources: Over 20% of coral reefs are at risk from land-based sediment and pollution. Many reefs in Vietnam, Taiwan, and the Philippines are threatened by sedimentation - 50% threatened in Vietnam and Taiwan and 35% in the Philippines; Over-fishing: This is the most pervasive threat and 64% of coral reefs are at risk (medium threat or higher) from over-fishing, with 20% at high risk. In most countries, more than 50% of reefs are threatened by over-fishing. Cambodia, Japan, and the Philippines have even higher pressures from over-fishing, with over 70% of their reefs threatened and over 35% at high risk; Destructive Fishing: Over 55% of the coral reefs are at risk from destructive fishing practices. Poison fishing for the live reef fish trade targets the most pristine and isolated coral reefs, where observations are limited. The threat from destructive fishing is particularly high in the Spratly and Paracel Islands and in Vietnam. In the South 131
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Our two governments have r
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CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories S
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INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
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Introduction Some of the larger fou
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Introduction Coral reefs are coming
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
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Executive Summary This report, howe
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Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
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Executive Summary There is clear ev
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Executive Summary Key sites chosen
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Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
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Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
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Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
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Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
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Executive Summary Prognosis for the
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Executive Summary concern is an out
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Executive Summary Southern Tropical
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Executive Summary Achievements in E
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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