#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 SPECIAL MPAS AND OTHER SITES A special focus of the GCRMN is to facilitate coral reef monitoring as part of the performance evaluation in marine protected areas (MPAs) with reefs. Below are summary tables for three major ‘categories’ of protected areas. There is a poor representation of coral reef areas in World Heritage Sites of UNESCO, and this was a special theme of a meeting of experts in Hanoi in February 2002, to recommend priority sites for World Heritage recognition. The Man and the Biosphere sites were designated by UNESCO to promote research on natural environments, but there are few of these which have a large component of coral reefs. Finally, the ICRAN project has selected 17 sites around the world to serve as key demonstrations of best practice in coral reef conservation. The summary tables below contain subjective assessments of coral reef areas as a proportion of the major natural resources listed as targets for conservation. More details on these sites are attached in the respective regional chapter. These illustrate that many of these sites have been established to conserve other natural resources with coral reefs being incidental (estimated proportion of coral reefs as % of natural resources). The tables also contain a subjective assessment of the level of ecological and socio-economic monitoring, with the implication that those sites with major components of coral reefs should have higher levels of monitoring. Obtaining information for some of the sites was not easy, thus the GCRMN would appreciate corrections to the assessments and the information. Our goal is to update these tables in future to show when more sites are declared for protection and measure any increases in monitoring. THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF INITIATIVE IN CONSERVING CORAL REEFS ICRI was a product of the rising concern over the status of coral reefs and dire predictions from 1992 and 1993, and the calls to action expressed at the Rio de Janeiro Environment Summit in 1992. ICRI aims to catalyse solutions to problems brought to the ‘table’, around which sit representatives of developing and developed governments, UN agencies, international NGOs, foundations and coral reef scientists. ICRI also acts through governments and international agencies to bring coral reef concerns to the attention of international forums such as UN Conventions, UN General Assembly etc. The sharing of the Secretariat has succeeded in bringing new ideas and expertise to the table every 2 years, but it has been inefficient in that the learning experiences of each secretariat are dissipated after 2 years. The current arrangement of shared responsibility between the Philippines, a developing, and Sweden, a developed country was aimed at bringing the two perspectives together, with the Philippines providing a conduit for the views of the developing world, and Sweden channelling views of the European Union and other developed countries to members. However, the lack of dedicated funding for the ICRI Secretariat and the reliance on host country resources to support its operations, have meant that the views of the developing world have not received the emphasis necessary to arrest the problems faced by the coral reefs and their human populations. Thus there is a need for ICRI to establish a more stable network of coordinators, which will require sustainable funding. As in most situations, funding for coordination is more difficult to obtain than funds for on-the-ground activities (which will be more efficient if there is a system of coordination able to link similar activities elsewhere). 14
Executive Summary Key sites chosen by the International Coral Reef Action Network to demonstrate best practice in coral reef conservation and management to nearby countries; the page numbers of more detailed reports are listed. The assessments are subjective: substantial monitoring is when resource managers are provided with considerable information for decision making; effective refers to monitoring programs that can assist managers in their decisions; occasional monitoring usually refers to good assessments that have been conducted spasmodically or in response to a crisis or request; planned and not planned are self-explanatory. ICRAN Sites Proportion of Coral Reef Socio-Economic Page Coral Reefs Monitoring Monitoring Kenya Malindi & Watamu Marine 30% Effective Effective 74 National Park & Reserve Tanzania Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve 30% Occasional Occasional 75 Madagascar Nosy Atafana Marine Park 40% Planned Planned 97 Seychelles The Cousin Island MPA 30% Occasional Occasional 96 St. Anne Marine Park 50% Effective Occasional 95 Indonesia Bunaken 60% Occasional Occasional 144 Komodo 40% Effective Effective 145 Philippines Apo Island 70% Effective Planned 146 Thailand Mo Koh Surin 60% Effective Planned 147 Fiji Management of Aquarium 100% Planned Effective 199 Harvesting Coral Gardens Project 80% Occasional Planned 201 Samoa Samoa MPA Project 80% Effective Planned 200 Marshall Islands Jaluit Atoll Marine 80% Planned Not planned 236 Conservation Area Belize Hol Chan Marine Reserve 60% Effective Effective 323 Mexico Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve 30% Effective Effective 322 Bonaire Bonaire Marine Park 85% Effective Occasional 338 St. Lucia Soufriere Marine 20% Effective Occasional 340 Management Area Major World Heritage Sites of UNESCO that contain significant components of coral reefs and an assessment of the amount of monitoring. World Heritage Sites Proportion of Coral Reef Socio-Economic Page Coral Reefs Monitoring Monitoring South Africa Greater St. Lucia Wetlands 40% Effective Unknown 76 Seychelles Aldabra Atoll 60% Effective Not Planned 98 Indonesia Komodo National Park 40% Effective Effective 145 Ujung Kulon National Park 10% Unknown Unknown 149 Philippines Tubbataha Reef Marine Park 90% Effective Effective 148 Australia Great Barrier Reef 90% Substantial Effective 179 Lord Howe Island 10% Planned Planned 178 Solomon East Rennell Island 10% Occasional Occasional 194 Islands United Henderson Island 80% Occasional Not planned 214 Kingdom Cuba Desembarco del Granma 40% Unknown Unknown 302 National Park Belize Belize Barrier Reef 70% Occasional Occasional 323 Reserve System Mexico Sian Ka’an Reserve 30% Effective Effective 322 Costa Rica Cocos Island National Park 40% Occasional Not planned 357 Ecuador Galapagos Islands 5% Occasional Occasional 358 15
Page 1 and 2: Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD Our two governments have r
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Countries, States and Terr
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
Page 9 and 10: Countries, States and Territories S
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION We are pleased to endo
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some of the larger fou
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Coral reefs are coming
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON A
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary This report, howe
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary GLOBAL AND REGION
Page 23: Executive Summary There is clear ev
Page 27 and 28: Executive Summary • Europa and Sc
Page 29 and 30: Executive Summary CORAL REEF TARGET
Page 31 and 32: Executive Summary ICRI OPERATING UN
Page 33 and 34: Executive Summary COLLAPSE OF CORAL
Page 35 and 36: Executive Summary Prognosis for the
Page 37 and 38: Executive Summary concern is an out
Page 39 and 40: Executive Summary Southern Tropical
Page 41: Executive Summary Achievements in E
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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7. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA CORAL R
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Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reef
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs in East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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12. STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS IN MI
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Status of the Coral Reefs in Micron
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13. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE HA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaii
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14. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE U.
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Status of Coral Reefs in the US Car
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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16. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF MESOAM
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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoameric
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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#Status of Coral Reefs 2002 - International Coral Reef Action Network

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