isaac-deutscher-the-prophet-armed-trotsky-1879-1921

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THE PROPHET ARMED Urals, where we shall devote all our strength to the organization of labour in which the Ural workers, the Ural peasants, and the Red Army men ... will participate hand in hand. Bread for the starving! Fuel for the freezing! This is the slogan of our team this time, 1 He had just written these words when, in the middle of the night, he was shaken by a violent concussion. His train became derailed in a severe snowstorm. Throughout the night and the whole of the next day the train lay in snowdrifts almost within sight of a small station. Not a soul came to inquire what had happened. The station-masters had ceased to signal the passage of trains; even the train of the President of the Supreme War Council had passed through unnoticed. Despite the threat of court martial, nobody bothered to clear away the snowdrifts from the tracks. The accident unexpectedly revealed to Trotsky the void which grew around governmental policies and plans. A fathomless apathy shrouded the people. Trotsky raged, conducted an investigation on the spot, and ordered a military tribunal into action. But he could not help reflecting that repression alone could not remedy the people's numb insensibility. His forebodings grew darker during his sojourn in the countryside of the Urals. He became acutely aware that the nation's energy and vitality was drying up at its very sourceon the farmstead. He now searched for remedies beyond war communism. He returned to Moscow with the conclusion that a measure of economic freedom should be restored to the peasantry. In clear and precise terms he outlined the reform which alone could lead the nation out of the impasse. There must be an end to the requisitioning of crops. The peasant must be encouraged to grow and sell surpluses and to make a profit on them. The government and the party were not aware of the magnitude of the disaster, because the last forcible collection had yielded more food than the previous one. This, he argued, was because after the retreat of the White Guards, the requisitions had been carried out over a much wider area than before. 'In general, however, the food reserves are in danger of drying up, and against this no improvement in the requisitioning machinery 1 Trotsky, Sochinmya, vol. xv, pp. 324-5.
DEFEAT IN VICTORY 497 can help.' That way lay further disruption, further shrinkage of the labour force and final economic and political degradation.' At the Central Committee his arguments carried no conviction. Lenin was not prepared to stop the requisitions. The reform Trotsky proposed looked to him like a leap in the dark. The government, he held, had already shown too much haste in preparing the transition to peace: Trotsky himself had just warned the Central Committee that Poland was about to attack. It seemed safrr to stick to an established policy rather than tamper with the army's food supplies, which had, after all, been secured by the requisitions. ;\/or was that all. Lenin and the Central Committee had not yet lived down the illusions of war communism. They still hoped that the system, having rendered valuable service in war, would be even more useful in peace. Trotsky proposed to throw the economy back on to the treacherous tides of a free market. This was what the Mensheviks demanded. Did Trotsky agree with them? had he become a free trader? he was asked. 2 He was told that the party had advanced towards an organized and controlled economy and that it would not allow itself to be dragged back. The Central Committee rejected his proposals. Only more than a year later, after the failure of war communism had been demonstrated with tragic conclusiveness, did Lenin take up the same proposals and put them into effect as the New Economic Policy (N.E.P.). This was then and still is hailed as a stroke of Lenin's genius, a rare feat of courageous, undogmatic statesmanship. In the light of the facts it seems that the feat was at least overpraised; and that when Trotsky later reproached Lenin and the Central Committee for initiating the most import~nt changes in economic policy when these were overdue by a year or two, the stricture was not quite 1 Trot.sky. Sochinenya, vol. xvii, book ·i, pp. 543· 4. It is not clear, hov.·evcr, whether Trotsky was aware that his proposals, if accepted, would necessarily lead to tlw windin~ up of thf' policit·s of war comnumi!'m, induding those· he himself a
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PREFACE CONTENTS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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PREFACE WHEN I first contemplated t
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PREFACE unconscious autobiographica
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' ... there is nothing more difficu
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THE PROPHET ARMED From none of thes
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4 THE PROPHET ARMED the courts sent
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6 THE PROPHET ARMED populated but f
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8 THE PROPHET ARMED the precise dat
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IO THE PROPHET ARMED uses of tools
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12 THE PROPHET ARMED At first he ra
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THE PROPHET ARMED or persecution to
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16 THE PROPHET ARMED whose personal
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THE PROPHET ARMED times father and
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20 THE PROPHET ARMED truth is that
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CHAPTER II In Search of an Ideal IT
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THE PROPHET ARMED disguised as labo
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THE PROPHET ARMED For a time Bronst
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THE PROPHET ARMED you arc a Marxist
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THE PROPHET ARMED Odessa to study m
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THE PROPHET ARMED This transformati
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34 THE PROPHET ARMED one-sidedness
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36 THE PROPHET ARMED He used to thi
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THE PROPHET ARMED wrote later, 'aga
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THE PROPHET ARMED Towards the end o
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THE PROPHET ARMED opponents, were p
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44 THE PROPHET ARMED deported there
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THE PROPHET ARMED would one day con
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THE PROPHET ARMED Agriculture; he w
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50 THE PROPHET ARMED appeared in th
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THE PROPHET ARMED Mephisto, Faust,
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54 THE PROPHET ARMED from the ashes
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THE PROPHET ARMED the meantime the
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58 THE PROPHET ARMED newcomer.'' Th
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60 THE PROPHET ARMED who had only r
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THE PROPHET ARMED Soon after he had
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THE PROPHET ARMED borrowed the name
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66 THE PROPHET ARMED Almost imperce
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68 THE PROPHET ARMED lending suppor
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THE PROPHET ARMED Elevated above th
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THE PROPHET ARMED time being: he wo
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74 THE PROPHET ARMED of this circum
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THE PROPHET ARMED million Jewish me
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THE PROPHET ARMED editors from six
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Bo THE PROPHET ARMED bitterness whi
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THE PROPHET ARMED the authority of
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THE PROPHET ARMED ... we do not thi
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86 THE PROPHET ARMED influence. Soo
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88 THE PROPHET ARMED Bolsheviks, be
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go THE PROPHET ARMED men of the int
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92 THE PROPHET ARMED was no longer
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94 THE PROPHET ARMED obstructing th
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96 THE PROPHET ARMED yet remote cha
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CHAPTER IV An Intellectual Partners
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100 THE PROPHET ARMED scholarly I'v
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102 THE PROPHET ARMED admired in Pa
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104 THE PROPHET ARMED of the cultur
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106 THE PROPHET ARMED 1904, Trotsky
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108 THE PROPHET ARMED oppos1t1on. T
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110 THE PROPHET ARMED democracy; bu
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II2 THE PROPHET ARMED are avidly ab
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114 THE PROPHET ARMED institutions
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116 THE PROPHET ARMED traditions of
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I18 THE PROPHET ARMED freedom of mo
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120 THE PROPHET ARMED democracy is
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122 THE PROPHET ARMED ing to each s
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124 THE PROPHET ARMED Trotsky wrote
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THE PROPHET ARMED districts to join
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THE PROPHET ARMED under the name Ya
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THE PROPHET ARMED social demands as
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THE PROPHET ARMED Manifesto, Trotsk
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134 THE PROPHET ARMED roared with l
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THE PROPHET ARMED they watched in s
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THE PROPHET ARMED home missed the t
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THE PROPHET ARMED the final trial o
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142 THE PROPHET ARMED In the aftern
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144 THE PROPHET ARMED At length a s
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THE PROPHET ARMED policy had been u
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148 THE PROPHET ARMED marked eyebro
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THE PROPHET ARMED Revolution). As t
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THE PROPHET ARMED made revolution i
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154 THE PROPHET ARMED if it succeed
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THE PROPHET ARMED Bolsheviks unders
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THE PROPHET ARMED themselves be una
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16o THE PROPHET ARMED Not for a mom
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THE PROPHET ARMED But his compensat
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THE PROPHET ARMED The sentiment of
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166 THE PROPHET ARMED government to
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168 THE PROPHET ARMED government'.
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THE PROPHET ARMED 'pa~sionate game
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THE PROPHET ARMED like flies. On 1
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174 THE PROPHET ARMED Viatka and Vo
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THE PROPHET ARMED Menshevik leaders
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THE PROPHET ARMED The great issues
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18o THE PROPHET ARMED still cast hi
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THE PROPHET ARMED of the October Re
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THE PROPHET ARMED penury. Throughou
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186 THE PROPHET ARMED Sttirgkh, in
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188 THE PROPHET ARMED hurt Russian
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Igo THE PROPHET ARMED vigilant watc
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THE PROPHET ARMED journalistic fees
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194 THE PROPHET ARMED often than no
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THE PROPHET ARMED among them-replie
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THE PROPHET ARMED order to approach
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200 THE PROPHET ARMED situation pro
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202 TllE PROPHET ARMED in streets a
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204 THE PROPHET ARMED peasant leade
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206 THE PROPHET ARMED strictly feud
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208 THE PROPHET ARMED the Romanian
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210 THE PROPHET ARMED memory, enabl
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212 THE PROPHET ARMED international
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THE PROPHET ARMED educational assoc
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216 THE PROPHET ARMED excellent van
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218 THE PROPHET ARMED supporting th
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220 THE PROPHET ARMED learned from
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:.?22 THE PROPHET ARMED now leader
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224 THE PROPHET ARMED Broadly speak
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226 THE PROPHET ARMED citizens of b
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THE PROPHET ARMED Entente were unwe
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230 THE PROPHET ARMED This preoccup
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232 THE PROPHET ARMED import so tha
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234 THE PROPHET ARMED 'social-patri
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THE PROPHET ARMED Differences on br
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THE PROPHET ARMED need to contempla
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THE PROPHET ARMED in Madrid, except
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242 THE PROPHET ARMED time close to
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244 THE PROPHET AR~IED in Petrograd
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THE PROPHET ARMED 'You suppose, the
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THE PROPHET ARMED After a sea voyag
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THE PROPHET ARMED the street. The n
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THE PROPHET ARMED incorporate both
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254 THE PROPHET ARMED oppressed cla
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THE PROPHET ARMED through in the Bo
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THE PROPHET ARMED to renounce anyth
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THE PROPHET ARMED were at cross pur
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THE PROPHET ARMED to his own voice
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THE PROPHET ARMED that while you ar
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THE PROPHET ARMED nowhere. 'Fortuna
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THE PROPHET ARMED of the government
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270 THE PROPHET ARMED This was one
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THE PROPHET ARMED What followed has
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274 THE PROPHET ARMED by agreement
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THE PROPHET ARMED about to leave wi
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THE PROPHET ARMED and they refused
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THE PROPHET ARMED administrative ma
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THE PROPHET ARMED answer the examin
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THE PROPHET ARMED for a parliament
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286 THE PROPHET ARMED build up a ge
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288 THE PROPHET ARMED passed betwee
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THE PROPHET ARMED debated these pro
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THE PROPHET ARMED situation and the
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294 THE PROPHET ARMED illusion to f
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THE PROPHET ARMED In the meantime T
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THE PROPHET ARMED and its sections
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THE PROPHET ARMED 12 October he cal
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302 THE PROPHET ARMED the immediate
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THE PROPHET ARMED no response from
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THE PROPHET ARMED insurrection. Yet
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THE PROPHET ARMED of the Provisiona
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310 THE PROPHET ARMED give it to yo
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312 THE PROPHET ARMED mass of worke
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THE PROPHET ARMED 'Our rising', he
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THE PROPHET ARMED how, or by means
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THE PROPHET ARMED Russia along that
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320 THE PROPHET ARMED Assembly, hel
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322 THE PROPHET ARMED of self-disci
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THE PROPHET ARMED vision of sociali
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THE PROPHET ARMED cause he had been
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THE PROPHET ARMED At this moment Ke
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THE PROPHET ARMED and peasants, how
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332 THE PROPHET ARMED not on person
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334 THE PROPHET ARMED and threats f
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THE PROPHET ARMED first to identify
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THE PROPHET ARMED moved into action
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340 THE PROPHET ARMED The main body
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342 THE PROPHET ARMED and character
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344 THE PROPHET ARMED had become hi
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CHAPTER XI The Drama of Brest Litov
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THE PROPHET ARMED Despite their rev
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THE PROPHET ARMED see that 'German
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352 THE PROPHET ARMED again be prop
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354 THE PROPHET ARMED and Austrian
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THE PROPHET ARMED events as 'sympto
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358 THE PROPHET ARMED not in the la
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THE PROPHET ARMED assisted by Karl
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THE PROPHET ARMED give quite a diff
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THE PROPHET ARMED colleague, he was
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THE PROPHET ARMED present state of
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THE PROPHET ARMED Germany intended
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THE PROPHET ARMED _standpoint, poli
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372 THE PROPHET ARMED party was amo
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374 THE PROPHET ARMED be to stab in
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THE PROPHET ARMED ambiguity of that
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THE PROPHET ARMED the revolution cl
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THE PROPHET ARMED Ukrainian partner
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THE PROPHET ARMED happened, the ful
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THE PROPHET ARMED was active over D
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THE PROPHET '\RMED had the right to
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388 THE PROPHET ARMED Bolshevism. T
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390 THE PROPHET ARMED stroke the cl
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392 THE PROPHET ARMED cannot stay i
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394 THE PROPHET ARMED So• iets we
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THE PROPHET ARMED class, and amid w
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THE PROPHET ARMED The congress had
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THE PROPHET ARMED watched their ago
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402 THE PROPHET ARMED at; his frien
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THE PROPHET ARMED leadership and no
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THE PROPHET ARMED Numbers alone giv
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THE PROPHET ARMED enthusiasm, and r
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410 THE PROPHET ARMED employment of
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412 THE PROPHET ARMED military skil
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THE PROPHET ARMED officers' corps o
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THE PROPHET ARMED ment may be proud
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THE PROPHET ARYIED Kerensky's attem
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420 THE PROPHET ARMED sailors of Kr
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422 THE PROPHET ARMED days later Tu
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THE PROPHET ARMED later, in Septemb
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THE PROPHET ARMED even deadlier: it
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THE PROPHET ARMED against Stalin; a
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430 THE PROPHET ARMED magnitude of
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432 THE PROPHET ARMED Voroshilov's
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434 THE PROPHET ARMED the southern
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THE PROPHET ARMED and he walked in
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THE PROPHET ARMED The social and po
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THE PROPHET ARMED A glimpse of the
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THE PROPHET ARMED their perilous as
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444 THE PROPHET ARMED invaders into
Page 454 and 455: THE PROPHET ARMED and Poltava. In S
Page 456 and 457: CHAPTER XIII Revolution and Conques
Page 458 and 459: THE PROPHET ARMED surface of politi
Page 460 and 461: THE PROPHET ARMED years equalled in
Page 462 and 463: 454 THE PROPHET ARMED 'Colonial sla
Page 464 and 465: THE PROPHET ARMED balance under the
Page 466 and 467: THE PROPHET ARMED Soviet power woul
Page 468 and 469: THE PROPHET ARMED elements in Russi
Page 470 and 471: THE PROPHET ARMED Comintern tried t
Page 472 and 473: THE PROPHET ARMED Pilsudski was not
Page 474 and 475: THE PROPHET ARMED although it still
Page 476 and 477: THE PROPHET ARMED A week later the
Page 478 and 479: THE PROPHET ARMED only as the ally
Page 480 and 481: . 472 THE PROPHET ARMED position to
Page 482 and 483: 474 THE PROPHET ARMED Mensheviks ha
Page 484 and 485: THE PROPHET ARMED the eyes of the w
Page 486 and 487: THE PROPHET ARMED integrated into t
Page 488 and 489: THE PROPHET ARMED then the militia
Page 490 and 491: THE PROPHET ARMED doctrine'. That d
Page 492 and 493: THE PROPHET ARMED Europe could not
Page 494 and 495: CHAPTER XIV .Defeat in Victory ·AT
Page 496 and 497: THE PROPHET ARMED had resulted in t
Page 498 and 499: THE PROPHET ARMED necessity it did
Page 500 and 501: THE PROPHET ARMED with his attempt
Page 502 and 503: 494 THE PROPHET ARMED that the whee
Page 506 and 507: THE PROPHET ARMED undeservcd. 1 The
Page 508 and 509: 500 THE PROPHET ARMED workers and d
Page 510 and 511: THE PROPHET ARMED dismissed its lea
Page 512 and 513: THE PROPHET ARMED frustration of th
Page 514 and 515: 506 THE PROPHET ARMED inseparable a
Page 516 and 517: 5o8 THE PROPHET ARMED They were the
Page 518 and 519: 510 THE PROPHET ARMED initiate no s
Page 520 and 521: 512 THE PROPHET ARMED employ twenty
Page 522 and 523: THE PROPHET ARMED battle which in c
Page 524 and 525: THE PROPHET ARMED It was only under
Page 526 and 527: 518 THE PROPHET ARMED regular oppos
Page 528 and 529: 520 THE PROPHET ARMED animated by '
Page 530 and 531: 522 THE PROPHET ARMED When Trotsky
Page 532 and 533: BIBLIOGRAPHY EASTMAN, M., Leon Trot
Page 534 and 535: BIBLIOGRAPHY SAoOuL, JACQUES, Notes
Page 536 and 537: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ziv, G. A., Trotsky. K
Page 538 and 539: 530 INDEX Bronstein, David, Trotsky
Page 540 and 541: INDEX Kamenev, B., 176, 194; and Vi
Page 542 and 543: 534 INDEX Martov, Y. (cont.) exodus
Page 544 and 545: INDEX Revolutions: (cont.) Russian,
Page 546 and 547: INDEX Trepov, General, vice-Ministe
Page 548: INDEX Ulyanov, Alexander, Lenin's o
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