BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation ...

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TABLE 3 MACNAMARA’S RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EUROPEANS, TYPICAL OF LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY VIEWS <strong>THE</strong> RACES OF EUROPE IBERIAN MONGOLOID TEUTONIC chivalrous religious self-reliant courteous peace-loving self-respecting patriotic imaginative reliable impulsive sensitive patriotic ostentatious artistic orderly proud hospitable freedom-loving musical indolent laborious cruel unstable slow passionate lacking individuality persevering revengeful courageous unreliable warlike enterprising domineering Source: Nottige Charles Macnamara, Origin and Character of the British People (London: Smith, Elder, 1900), 215-16. stereotypical opposites of North and South Germany, represented a racial and cultural antithesis. Prussians were considered to be infused with Slavic blood and caricatured as aloof, warlike, orderly and domineering in contrast to gregarious, artistic and effusive Bavarians, who more resembled the French and Italians. Although the critique of pure Teutonism proved more acerbic than the counter-theme of German racial and cultural heterogeneity, the prevalence of both views published as The Student Life of Germany (London, 1841), 178. See also “Peasant Life in Germany,” Westminster Review 66 (July-October 1856): 57-58, on how German peasants, through allegiance to race and province, lacked “individualization in features and expression.” 130
allowed condemnation of German national character as either in-bred and obnoxious or polymorphous and lacking distinction. 56 As older Germanophilic notions of racial kinship gave way to a clarification of Anglo- German differences, the very proximity of Anglo-Saxons and Teutons in the Anglocentric racial hierarchy, taken together with the old saw about Anglo-German religious and cultural affinities, ironically provoked a kind of national one-upmanship waged through the relentless pursuit of distinctions. British conceptions of racial character during the nineteenth century generally imbued Anglo-Saxons with all of the Teutonic, or German, virtues and none of the vices. Britons, for example, had supposedly inherited mechanical ability, deliberation, ethics and sexual morality without the plodding stolidity, inflexibility, gloominess and pugnacity of the Germans. Imperial rivalry exacerbated the obsession with Anglo-German racial and cultural distinctions on both sides of the North Sea. Treitschke, for one, played a major part in converting the sentimental myth of Anglo-German affinity to one of perpetual rivalry when he began to formulate a contrast between competing “Anglo-Saxon” and “Teutonic” cultures, a theme that resonated with Pan-Germanists. 57 On the British side, one author voiced a typical late nineteenth-century attitude: that England, since the time of the Norman Conquest, had become 56 When Matthew Arnold criticized Richard Strauss’s Sinfonia Domestica as a typically “ugly and ignoble” product of Teutonic Kultur, his words found favor with audiences for whom Teutonism had become synonymous with archaism and tactlessness. See Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914 (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 373. 57 McClelland, German Historians and England, 188, 222, dates the negative shift in German views of England from 1871. Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), 202, refers to the emphasis placed on Anglo-German distinctions in the early writings of Moeller van der Bruck and other Pan-Germanists. 131
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BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTH
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Periodical Source
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ABSTRACT British identity evolved t
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1 Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-
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English literature in 1867 and his
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in his analysis of the “Anglo-Ger
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the cherished Liberal tenets of rep
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imperialism, but also with perceive
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characterized by a uniformity of ar
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stereotypes of Germany and German c
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nations. 39 The repeated failure of
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Anglophiles in an Anglophobic count
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expression in stereotypes which cou
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ecame implied weaknesses: the “ph
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A. NEWSPAPERS (London): TITLE (DATE
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(TABLE 1 continued) C. POPULAR AND
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society, albeit a very influential
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TABLE 2 GERMAN STEREOTYPE CONTEXT C
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FIGURE 4. These rough tabulations s
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personalities. Evaluating the histo
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2. HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF NATION
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communications, mass education and
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and enduring than the Persian, Egyp
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home—loyalty, uprightness, honour
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national character in reaction to c
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humanism, he did not fully consider
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partisan differences within nations
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stereotypes in sixteenth and sevent
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Welsh) imperium, one that quickly b
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domestic and international politics
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marriage of state and culture in We
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inseparability of personal and soci
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nationhood. 66 Of course, instinct
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Eagleman has dubbed the brain a “
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difference or affinity such as reli
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Social psychologists since the 1960
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the assignment of negative qualitie
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were also found to involve objectiv
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British views of Germany. Stereotyp
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through either deprecatory or ideal
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3. BRITISHNESS, ENGLISHNESS AND GER
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cultural heroes in the manner of Go
Page 87 and 88: But rather than dwell like Nairn on
Page 89 and 90: of a more inclusive civic redefinit
Page 91 and 92: domestic politics and foreign polic
Page 93 and 94: to power during the 1830s under the
Page 95 and 96: literature as well as the inclusion
Page 97 and 98: his arguments with evidence from st
Page 99 and 100: Maximillian Robespierre’s radical
Page 101 and 102: attitudes toward Jews in select maj
Page 103 and 104: with or in opposition to authoritie
Page 105 and 106: Nazi takeover represented a pervers
Page 107 and 108: adaptability, both as a danger and
Page 109 and 110: social shunning of German families
Page 111 and 112: national histories, for example, Ke
Page 113 and 114: Notwithstanding the early appeal of
Page 115 and 116: changed that. Russia became the che
Page 117 and 118: Despite excessive fatigue he resolv
Page 119 and 120: The compression of historical time
Page 121 and 122: scaremongering. 6 But the obsession
Page 123 and 124: parts of South Africa and occupied
Page 125 and 126: once celebrated and endowed with a
Page 127 and 128: writer to reason that hilly, coasta
Page 129 and 130: Imperialist identification with Rom
Page 131 and 132: The classical metaphor provided a v
Page 133 and 134: ead and low wages galvanized workin
Page 135 and 136: 6-7, 9. spoken at times: but if tre
Page 137: British superiority over Germans an
Page 141 and 142: component of imperialism to which c
Page 143 and 144: expressed it, was to Darwin, Spence
Page 145 and 146: “natural rivals” rather than fr
Page 147 and 148: If the general impression existed t
Page 149 and 150: same writer who called Germany the
Page 151 and 152: 5. STEREOTYPES OF OLD GERMANY The G
Page 153 and 154: earliest outpourings of German “n
Page 155 and 156: old orders, and manage themselves w
Page 157 and 158: oddly self-compromised, Germans. Th
Page 159 and 160: independence of spirit and original
Page 161 and 162: sixteenth-century German and Englis
Page 163 and 164: The fine line separating appreciati
Page 165 and 166: A more innocuous, if no less deplor
Page 167 and 168: The Pious/Godless German Supercedin
Page 169 and 170: Newes from Germany” full of porte
Page 171 and 172: . . . since time immemorial the Pan
Page 173 and 174: etween 1706 and 1716, but a more si
Page 175 and 176: described a German graveyard where
Page 177 and 178: The mirage of Anglo-German religiou
Page 179 and 180: German works by British critics, co
Page 181 and 182: of the self-inflicted death of a wo
Page 183 and 184: literature.” 86 Nevertheless, a t
Page 185 and 186: writings. 92 But the attraction exe
Page 187 and 188: potato an Irish vegetable.” 100 A
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emedy the situation and “their ba
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two national figures personified di
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well as outward “cheerfulness”
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South versus an aggrandizing Prussi
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(1820) reported that the “ancient
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years indulging in scandalous behav
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neo-feudal militarism, all of which
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officer. 23 In the New Review of Ju
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metaphysics.” 29 Both Madame de S
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746-48. Within the paradigm of Germ
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foreign bustle and movement.” The
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that fateful year, namely “the un
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“shadowy Imperial power” prior
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author believed required a long int
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with discretion and for his pro-Bri
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his dismissal. In 1901, Henry W. Wo
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measure of political power and pers
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adversity. He insisted that the “
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In contrast to the undisputed, if u
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Conservative agrarians, or Junkers,
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Review reported on the visit of som
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Anglo-German Colonial Rivalry The a
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of those claims, and the evidence o
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encouragement of such a vile and in
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ecame a sinister attempt to “stab
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ultimately reverse a favorable trad
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of contention in the history of Ang
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countries of policies designed to e
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a free hand toward Europe and failu
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efficiently prosecute a ground war
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In the ramp up to World War I, such
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8. CONCLUSION The 2011 European Uni
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two Germanies and the four World Wa
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Sonderweg, despite its limited nati
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Despite such assurances, however, r
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east” may have made for interesti
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diametrically opposed to the “loy
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1990s Germany “had become a whipp
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Britain defined what it meant to be
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Books
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The Groans of Germany: or, the Enqu
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Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German
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“The German Character.” Two Par
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“Prince Bismarck and the Prussian
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“The International Struggle for S
Page 279 and 280:
“Why Germany Hates Great Britain.
Page 281 and 282:
Altick, Richard D. The English Comm
Page 283 and 284:
Camrose, Viscount. British Newspape
Page 285 and 286:
Feinberg, Todd E. From Axons to Ide
Page 287 and 288:
Halevy, Elie. A History of the Engl
Page 289 and 290:
Jones, Larry Eugene and James Retal
Page 291 and 292:
Liu, James H. and Janos Laszlo. “
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Michelet, Fabienne. Creation, Migra
Page 295 and 296:
Porter, Bernard. Critics of Empire:
Page 297 and 298:
Steiner, Zara. The Foreign Office a
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Young, Robert. The Idea of English
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Koch, H. W. “The Anglo-German All
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VITA Born in Wilmington, Delaware,
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