BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation ...

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identical patterns of immigration, because they conformed with deeply ingrained traditions of “elite national self-understanding.” Over the long term, discounting the xenophobic phase of the Jacobin revolution, the French adhered to a republican tradition of inclusion in contrast to the German self-representation of cultural homogeneity essentially closed to multicultural citizenship—the distinction between a French Staatsnation and a German Kulturnation observed by German historian Friedrich Meinecke as early as 1908. 32 Subsequent challenges to Brubaker’s thesis derive from the difficulty in differentiating a politics of identity from a politics of interest behind the veil of citizenship laws, yet the historical continuity of French and German naturalization policies does suggest a division between political and cultural perspectives on national identity. 33 The bipolarity between complete assimilation and exclusion might best be seen as a continuum that requires varying degrees of conformity to a political or cultural ideal, a view that makes Hans Kohn’s “two kinds” of national identity a singular sociological phenomenon with organic/voluntarist or ethnic/civic variations. 34 These dualities in fact frame 32 Ibid., 45-46, 182-87. Heike Hagedorn recalls Meinecke’s description in his reassessment of Brubaker following recent changes to the 1913 Prussian citizenship law that since 2000 have made German nationality laws barely distinguishable from French. See “Republicanism and the Politics of Citizenship in Germany and France: Convergence or Divergence?” German Policy Studies/Politikfeldanalyse 1, no. 3 (2001): 243-45, http://www .spaef.com/file.php?id=833. 33 See Annemarie Sammartino, “After Brubaker: Citizenship in Modern Germany, 1848 to Today,” German History 27, no. 4 (2009): 583-99, a survey of recent work by Andreas Fahrmeir, Dieter Gosewinkel, Joyce Marie Mushaben, Eli Nathans, Oliver Trevisiol. See esp. 585-89, on the questionable correlation between parental citizenship and ethnic background, the patchwork quality of immigration laws, the primacy of residency in many localities and the fact that either patriarchal privilege in claiming illegitimate children or willingness to serve in the military could trump ethnic affiliation. 34 Smith, Nationalism, 40-42, remarks that the situation of Jews within the early French Republic, where individual rights trumped ethno-religious practices, presaged more recent 46
partisan differences within nations which can become transformed into stereotyped differences between nations. Recent Historiography on National Identity Perspectives on national identity have shifted considerably since the 1940s. Raymond Grew, surveying the long historiography of national identity in 1986, specifically praised studies of nationalism by Carlton Hayes, Hans Kohn and their followers as analytical departures from national character questionnaires and the self-mythologizing national histories of preceding generations. He also credited later comparative studies for conceiving the formation of national identity as part of a universal historical process that necessarily depends upon a territorial state, or the longing for one, and that requires an evaluation of national identity in terms of international relations as well as internal politics. 35 The comparative approach, in Grew’s view, entailed consideration of both self-consciously propagandistic identity constructions and less conscious, event-driven formulations of national identity. By the mid-1980s historians of the modernist school and their critics had established, according to Grew, the following key points: the dual impetus driving national identity in the merger of individual motivations to reap the political and economic rewards of citizenship with the top-down interests of the state in problems with multiculturalism, such as the ban on Islamic face veils. 35 In addition to Kohn, some of the many milestone works mentioned by Grew include: Carlton J. H. Hayes, Essays on Nationalism (New York: Macmillan, 1926; idem, The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism (New York: Macmillan, 1948); Sir Earnest Barker, National Character and the Factors in its Formation (London: Harper, 1927); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolute State (London: NLB, 1974); Charles Tilly, ed. The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). See Grew, “The Construction of National Identity,” in Peter Boerner, Concepts of National Identity: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue, Interdisziplinäre Betrachtungen Zur Frage Der Nationalen Identität 1 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1986), 31-43. 47
Page 1 and 2:
BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTH
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES 1. Periodical Source
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT British identity evolved t
Page 9 and 10: 1 Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-
Page 11 and 12: English literature in 1867 and his
Page 13 and 14: in his analysis of the “Anglo-Ger
Page 15 and 16: the cherished Liberal tenets of rep
Page 17 and 18: imperialism, but also with perceive
Page 19 and 20: characterized by a uniformity of ar
Page 21 and 22: stereotypes of Germany and German c
Page 23 and 24: nations. 39 The repeated failure of
Page 25 and 26: Anglophiles in an Anglophobic count
Page 27 and 28: expression in stereotypes which cou
Page 29 and 30: ecame implied weaknesses: the “ph
Page 31 and 32: A. NEWSPAPERS (London): TITLE (DATE
Page 33 and 34: (TABLE 1 continued) C. POPULAR AND
Page 35 and 36: society, albeit a very influential
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 2 GERMAN STEREOTYPE CONTEXT C
Page 39 and 40: FIGURE 4. These rough tabulations s
Page 41 and 42: personalities. Evaluating the histo
Page 43 and 44: 2. HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF NATION
Page 45 and 46: communications, mass education and
Page 47 and 48: and enduring than the Persian, Egyp
Page 49 and 50: home—loyalty, uprightness, honour
Page 51 and 52: national character in reaction to c
Page 53: humanism, he did not fully consider
Page 57 and 58: stereotypes in sixteenth and sevent
Page 59 and 60: Welsh) imperium, one that quickly b
Page 61 and 62: domestic and international politics
Page 63 and 64: marriage of state and culture in We
Page 65 and 66: inseparability of personal and soci
Page 67 and 68: nationhood. 66 Of course, instinct
Page 69 and 70: Eagleman has dubbed the brain a “
Page 71 and 72: difference or affinity such as reli
Page 73 and 74: Social psychologists since the 1960
Page 75 and 76: the assignment of negative qualitie
Page 77 and 78: were also found to involve objectiv
Page 79 and 80: British views of Germany. Stereotyp
Page 81 and 82: through either deprecatory or ideal
Page 83 and 84: 3. BRITISHNESS, ENGLISHNESS AND GER
Page 85 and 86: cultural heroes in the manner of Go
Page 87 and 88: But rather than dwell like Nairn on
Page 89 and 90: of a more inclusive civic redefinit
Page 91 and 92: domestic politics and foreign polic
Page 93 and 94: to power during the 1830s under the
Page 95 and 96: literature as well as the inclusion
Page 97 and 98: his arguments with evidence from st
Page 99 and 100: Maximillian Robespierre’s radical
Page 101 and 102: attitudes toward Jews in select maj
Page 103 and 104: with or in opposition to authoritie
Page 105 and 106:
Nazi takeover represented a pervers
Page 107 and 108:
adaptability, both as a danger and
Page 109 and 110:
social shunning of German families
Page 111 and 112:
national histories, for example, Ke
Page 113 and 114:
Notwithstanding the early appeal of
Page 115 and 116:
changed that. Russia became the che
Page 117 and 118:
Despite excessive fatigue he resolv
Page 119 and 120:
The compression of historical time
Page 121 and 122:
scaremongering. 6 But the obsession
Page 123 and 124:
parts of South Africa and occupied
Page 125 and 126:
once celebrated and endowed with a
Page 127 and 128:
writer to reason that hilly, coasta
Page 129 and 130:
Imperialist identification with Rom
Page 131 and 132:
The classical metaphor provided a v
Page 133 and 134:
ead and low wages galvanized workin
Page 135 and 136:
6-7, 9. spoken at times: but if tre
Page 137 and 138:
British superiority over Germans an
Page 139 and 140:
allowed condemnation of German nati
Page 141 and 142:
component of imperialism to which c
Page 143 and 144:
expressed it, was to Darwin, Spence
Page 145 and 146:
“natural rivals” rather than fr
Page 147 and 148:
If the general impression existed t
Page 149 and 150:
same writer who called Germany the
Page 151 and 152:
5. STEREOTYPES OF OLD GERMANY The G
Page 153 and 154:
earliest outpourings of German “n
Page 155 and 156:
old orders, and manage themselves w
Page 157 and 158:
oddly self-compromised, Germans. Th
Page 159 and 160:
independence of spirit and original
Page 161 and 162:
sixteenth-century German and Englis
Page 163 and 164:
The fine line separating appreciati
Page 165 and 166:
A more innocuous, if no less deplor
Page 167 and 168:
The Pious/Godless German Supercedin
Page 169 and 170:
Newes from Germany” full of porte
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. . . since time immemorial the Pan
Page 173 and 174:
etween 1706 and 1716, but a more si
Page 175 and 176:
described a German graveyard where
Page 177 and 178:
The mirage of Anglo-German religiou
Page 179 and 180:
German works by British critics, co
Page 181 and 182:
of the self-inflicted death of a wo
Page 183 and 184:
literature.” 86 Nevertheless, a t
Page 185 and 186:
writings. 92 But the attraction exe
Page 187 and 188:
potato an Irish vegetable.” 100 A
Page 189 and 190:
emedy the situation and “their ba
Page 191 and 192:
two national figures personified di
Page 193 and 194:
well as outward “cheerfulness”
Page 195 and 196:
South versus an aggrandizing Prussi
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(1820) reported that the “ancient
Page 199 and 200:
years indulging in scandalous behav
Page 201 and 202:
neo-feudal militarism, all of which
Page 203 and 204:
officer. 23 In the New Review of Ju
Page 205 and 206:
metaphysics.” 29 Both Madame de S
Page 207 and 208:
746-48. Within the paradigm of Germ
Page 209 and 210:
foreign bustle and movement.” The
Page 211 and 212:
that fateful year, namely “the un
Page 213 and 214:
“shadowy Imperial power” prior
Page 215 and 216:
author believed required a long int
Page 217 and 218:
with discretion and for his pro-Bri
Page 219 and 220:
his dismissal. In 1901, Henry W. Wo
Page 221 and 222:
measure of political power and pers
Page 223 and 224:
adversity. He insisted that the “
Page 225 and 226:
In contrast to the undisputed, if u
Page 227 and 228:
Conservative agrarians, or Junkers,
Page 229 and 230:
Review reported on the visit of som
Page 231 and 232:
Anglo-German Colonial Rivalry The a
Page 233 and 234:
of those claims, and the evidence o
Page 235 and 236:
encouragement of such a vile and in
Page 237 and 238:
ecame a sinister attempt to “stab
Page 239 and 240:
ultimately reverse a favorable trad
Page 241 and 242:
of contention in the history of Ang
Page 243 and 244:
countries of policies designed to e
Page 245 and 246:
a free hand toward Europe and failu
Page 247 and 248:
efficiently prosecute a ground war
Page 249 and 250:
In the ramp up to World War I, such
Page 251 and 252:
8. CONCLUSION The 2011 European Uni
Page 253 and 254:
two Germanies and the four World Wa
Page 255 and 256:
Sonderweg, despite its limited nati
Page 257 and 258:
Despite such assurances, however, r
Page 259 and 260:
east” may have made for interesti
Page 261 and 262:
diametrically opposed to the “loy
Page 263 and 264:
1990s Germany “had become a whipp
Page 265 and 266:
Britain defined what it meant to be
Page 267 and 268:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Books
Page 269 and 270:
The Groans of Germany: or, the Enqu
Page 271 and 272:
Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German
Page 273 and 274:
“The German Character.” Two Par
Page 275 and 276:
“Prince Bismarck and the Prussian
Page 277 and 278:
“The International Struggle for S
Page 279 and 280:
“Why Germany Hates Great Britain.
Page 281 and 282:
Altick, Richard D. The English Comm
Page 283 and 284:
Camrose, Viscount. British Newspape
Page 285 and 286:
Feinberg, Todd E. From Axons to Ide
Page 287 and 288:
Halevy, Elie. A History of the Engl
Page 289 and 290:
Jones, Larry Eugene and James Retal
Page 291 and 292:
Liu, James H. and Janos Laszlo. “
Page 293 and 294:
Michelet, Fabienne. Creation, Migra
Page 295 and 296:
Porter, Bernard. Critics of Empire:
Page 297 and 298:
Steiner, Zara. The Foreign Office a
Page 299 and 300:
Young, Robert. The Idea of English
Page 301 and 302:
Koch, H. W. “The Anglo-German All
Page 303 and 304:
VITA Born in Wilmington, Delaware,
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