BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation ...

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similarities between individual prejudices and stereotypes found in popular magazines, confirmed the idea of a socio-cultural phenomenon. 91 The psychodynamic approach came into vogue after 1935 with Gordon Allport’s explanation of the link between stereotypes and prejudice, notably in their rationalizing and justifying functions. 92 Researchers subsequently found close associations between stereotypy and the rigid thinking symptomatic of authoritarianism, which added an even more sinister aspect: unquestioning, prejudicial acceptance of stereotypes signified a defective personality, a weak ego, and a mind prone to fascism due to a dependence on external authority rather than internalized values. 93 The authoritarian personality revealed itself through close identification with an ingroup, the use of double standards, hierarchical thinking, conformism and moralistic self-justification through the projection of negative qualities, including the responsibility for discrimination itself, onto an outgroup. 94 Despite their prejudicial nature, however, stereotypes seeing. See David L. Hamilton, “Illusory Correlation as a Basis for Stereotyping,” in Hamilton, Cognitive Processes, 137. 91 See Ashmore and Del Boca, “Conceptual Approaches to Stereotypes,” 6. 92 Ibid., 7. Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1935), chap. 12, “Stereotypes in Our Culture,” 189-204. Allport later countered psychodynamic reductionism of the early 1950s by distinguishing between a cognitive (natural) basis for stereotypes and an affective (prejudicial) use of them. See also Pettigrew, “Extending the Stereotype Concept,” 312-13. 93 Adorno et al., Authoritarian Personality, 51, 386, 454, 457, 632, 664-65, 747, 759. Critics were quick to dispute the fallacy of linking authoritarianism solely to the political Right and pointed to the Soviet Union as a prime example of authoritarianism of the Left. See Richard Christie, Studies in the Scope and Method of the Authoritarian Personality (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1954), 27. 94 Adorno et. al., Authoritarian Personality, 43-44, 173, 191-94, 204. The term, “antiintraceptiveness, was coined to describe authoritarian lack of commiseration with others and an 68
were also found to involve objective cultural factors and seemed at times to operate on a rational or pseudo-rational level. 95 This realization inspired the cognitive approach, spearheaded by Henri Tajfel in 1969, which explained stereotypes as a function of categorization processes linked to perception but not necessarily prejudice. 96 The cognitive school drew inspiration from the “economy of effort” hypothesis in Lippmann’s initial description. Current identity theory builds on the cognitive definition with studies of group dynamics which focus on levels of consensus and the unconscious transmission and self-reproduction of stereotypes. 97 While cultural norms and the avoidance of cognitive dissonance continue to be regarded as sources of bias, social psychologists have begun to analyze language itself as a “social product.” 98 Researchers attempt to quantify stereotyping in personal narratives or inability to “put oneself in another’s shoes,” combined with resistance to objective self criticism. 95 Ibid., 655, 752, 754. See also H. D. Forbes, Nationalism, Ethnocentrism and Personality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 21, 35, 52, 57-58, 97, 176-77, who contrasts contemporary authoritarianism with Plato’s Timocratic society (i.e., Spartan, warlike, authoritarian, conformist, honor-loving). Forbes also distinguishes between liberationist and authoritarian nationalism, the former being characteristic of democratic revolutions, the latter of imperialistic ventures. In either case propagandistic stereotypes might appear, but their use in the second instance would more likely be pathologically based on irrational fear, or an aggressive desire to dominate, rather than the genuine need for liberation from an oppressor. Ideally, a democratic revolution would seek to broaden, not narrow, the base of the ingroup (i.e., humanity over nationhood). 96 Pettigrew, “Extending the Stereotype Concept,” 313. 97 See, for example, Yoshihisa Kashima, Klaus Fiedler, and Peter Freytag, Stereotype Dynamics: Language-Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance, and Transformation of Stereotypes (New York; London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008). 98 Linda H. M. Coenen, Liselotte Hedebouw, and Gün Semin, The Linguistic Category Model (Amsterdam: Free University, 2006), 4, online at http://www.cratylus.org/resources/ uploadedFiles/1151434261594-8567.pdf. 69
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BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTH
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Periodical Source
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ABSTRACT British identity evolved t
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1 Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-
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English literature in 1867 and his
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in his analysis of the “Anglo-Ger
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the cherished Liberal tenets of rep
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imperialism, but also with perceive
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characterized by a uniformity of ar
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stereotypes of Germany and German c
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nations. 39 The repeated failure of
Page 25 and 26: Anglophiles in an Anglophobic count
Page 27 and 28: expression in stereotypes which cou
Page 29 and 30: ecame implied weaknesses: the “ph
Page 31 and 32: A. NEWSPAPERS (London): TITLE (DATE
Page 33 and 34: (TABLE 1 continued) C. POPULAR AND
Page 35 and 36: society, albeit a very influential
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 2 GERMAN STEREOTYPE CONTEXT C
Page 39 and 40: FIGURE 4. These rough tabulations s
Page 41 and 42: personalities. Evaluating the histo
Page 43 and 44: 2. HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF NATION
Page 45 and 46: communications, mass education and
Page 47 and 48: and enduring than the Persian, Egyp
Page 49 and 50: home—loyalty, uprightness, honour
Page 51 and 52: national character in reaction to c
Page 53 and 54: humanism, he did not fully consider
Page 55 and 56: partisan differences within nations
Page 57 and 58: stereotypes in sixteenth and sevent
Page 59 and 60: Welsh) imperium, one that quickly b
Page 61 and 62: domestic and international politics
Page 63 and 64: marriage of state and culture in We
Page 65 and 66: inseparability of personal and soci
Page 67 and 68: nationhood. 66 Of course, instinct
Page 69 and 70: Eagleman has dubbed the brain a “
Page 71 and 72: difference or affinity such as reli
Page 73 and 74: Social psychologists since the 1960
Page 75: the assignment of negative qualitie
Page 79 and 80: British views of Germany. Stereotyp
Page 81 and 82: through either deprecatory or ideal
Page 83 and 84: 3. BRITISHNESS, ENGLISHNESS AND GER
Page 85 and 86: cultural heroes in the manner of Go
Page 87 and 88: But rather than dwell like Nairn on
Page 89 and 90: of a more inclusive civic redefinit
Page 91 and 92: domestic politics and foreign polic
Page 93 and 94: to power during the 1830s under the
Page 95 and 96: literature as well as the inclusion
Page 97 and 98: his arguments with evidence from st
Page 99 and 100: Maximillian Robespierre’s radical
Page 101 and 102: attitudes toward Jews in select maj
Page 103 and 104: with or in opposition to authoritie
Page 105 and 106: Nazi takeover represented a pervers
Page 107 and 108: adaptability, both as a danger and
Page 109 and 110: social shunning of German families
Page 111 and 112: national histories, for example, Ke
Page 113 and 114: Notwithstanding the early appeal of
Page 115 and 116: changed that. Russia became the che
Page 117 and 118: Despite excessive fatigue he resolv
Page 119 and 120: The compression of historical time
Page 121 and 122: scaremongering. 6 But the obsession
Page 123 and 124: parts of South Africa and occupied
Page 125 and 126: once celebrated and endowed with a
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writer to reason that hilly, coasta
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Imperialist identification with Rom
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The classical metaphor provided a v
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ead and low wages galvanized workin
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6-7, 9. spoken at times: but if tre
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British superiority over Germans an
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allowed condemnation of German nati
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component of imperialism to which c
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expressed it, was to Darwin, Spence
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“natural rivals” rather than fr
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If the general impression existed t
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same writer who called Germany the
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5. STEREOTYPES OF OLD GERMANY The G
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earliest outpourings of German “n
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old orders, and manage themselves w
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oddly self-compromised, Germans. Th
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independence of spirit and original
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sixteenth-century German and Englis
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The fine line separating appreciati
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A more innocuous, if no less deplor
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The Pious/Godless German Supercedin
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Newes from Germany” full of porte
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. . . since time immemorial the Pan
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etween 1706 and 1716, but a more si
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described a German graveyard where
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The mirage of Anglo-German religiou
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German works by British critics, co
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of the self-inflicted death of a wo
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literature.” 86 Nevertheless, a t
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writings. 92 But the attraction exe
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potato an Irish vegetable.” 100 A
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emedy the situation and “their ba
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two national figures personified di
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well as outward “cheerfulness”
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South versus an aggrandizing Prussi
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(1820) reported that the “ancient
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years indulging in scandalous behav
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neo-feudal militarism, all of which
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officer. 23 In the New Review of Ju
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metaphysics.” 29 Both Madame de S
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746-48. Within the paradigm of Germ
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foreign bustle and movement.” The
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that fateful year, namely “the un
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“shadowy Imperial power” prior
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author believed required a long int
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with discretion and for his pro-Bri
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his dismissal. In 1901, Henry W. Wo
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measure of political power and pers
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adversity. He insisted that the “
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In contrast to the undisputed, if u
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Conservative agrarians, or Junkers,
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Review reported on the visit of som
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Anglo-German Colonial Rivalry The a
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of those claims, and the evidence o
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encouragement of such a vile and in
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ecame a sinister attempt to “stab
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ultimately reverse a favorable trad
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of contention in the history of Ang
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countries of policies designed to e
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a free hand toward Europe and failu
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efficiently prosecute a ground war
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In the ramp up to World War I, such
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8. CONCLUSION The 2011 European Uni
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two Germanies and the four World Wa
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Sonderweg, despite its limited nati
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Despite such assurances, however, r
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east” may have made for interesti
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diametrically opposed to the “loy
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1990s Germany “had become a whipp
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Britain defined what it meant to be
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Books
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The Groans of Germany: or, the Enqu
Page 271 and 272:
Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German
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“The German Character.” Two Par
Page 275 and 276:
“Prince Bismarck and the Prussian
Page 277 and 278:
“The International Struggle for S
Page 279 and 280:
“Why Germany Hates Great Britain.
Page 281 and 282:
Altick, Richard D. The English Comm
Page 283 and 284:
Camrose, Viscount. British Newspape
Page 285 and 286:
Feinberg, Todd E. From Axons to Ide
Page 287 and 288:
Halevy, Elie. A History of the Engl
Page 289 and 290:
Jones, Larry Eugene and James Retal
Page 291 and 292:
Liu, James H. and Janos Laszlo. “
Page 293 and 294:
Michelet, Fabienne. Creation, Migra
Page 295 and 296:
Porter, Bernard. Critics of Empire:
Page 297 and 298:
Steiner, Zara. The Foreign Office a
Page 299 and 300:
Young, Robert. The Idea of English
Page 301 and 302:
Koch, H. W. “The Anglo-German All
Page 303 and 304:
VITA Born in Wilmington, Delaware,
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