BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation ...

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individuals. 63 That illusion has unfortunately persisted through two world wars, not only in the mirage of national self-determination but also through the perpetuation of national stereotypes within the paradigm of nationhood. Even the supposed “internationalist” communist regimes in the Soviet Union, China, North Korea or Yugoslavia failed to elude association with the nation- state. Historians have accurately assessed rational geopolitical stratagems and military calculations as principle factors leading to global conflict, but they have not yet come to an equivalent understanding of the psychological mechanisms and irrational borders of fear that motivate war in the first place. 63 Ibid., 193. 242
8. CONCLUSION The 2011 European Union debt crisis, and Germany’s imposition of economic austerities on the eurozone for saving the currency, generated taunts of a “Fourth Reich” and references to appeasement by Europhobic populists in France and elsewhere. 64 That the crisis prompted British Prime Minister David Cameron’s veto of tough fiscal measures under German leadership, and gave rise to German worries about being isolated and saddled with staggering costs reminiscent of war reparations, indicates the persistence of stereotyped views about Germany’s role in Europe and Anglo-German relations. Something similar occurred two decades earlier. The destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989, symbolizing both an end to Cold War tensions and the impending reunification of divided Germany, brought cheers throughout the free world, but in the wake of initial celebrations dissenting voices could be heard in the press. In his mildly alarmist “Uneasy About the Germans,” playwright Arthur Miller sensed “something factitious about German society in the minds of Germans” and a less “transcendent” feeling among Germans toward the Federal Republic than that shown by French, British or American citizens toward their respective governments. For Miller, West Germany’s tolerant, democratic government lacked “consecration by blood,” and the knowledge that many Germans had sacrificed their lives actually fighting to prevent it, “keeps sucking the life out of German protestations of a democratic faith and casts suspicion on the country’s reassurances that its 64 “As the Dust Settles,” The Guardian (9 December 2011), 6, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ business/2011/dec/09/dust-settles-cold-europe-germany?intcmp=239. 243
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BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTH
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Periodical Source
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ABSTRACT British identity evolved t
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1 Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-
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English literature in 1867 and his
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in his analysis of the “Anglo-Ger
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the cherished Liberal tenets of rep
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imperialism, but also with perceive
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characterized by a uniformity of ar
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stereotypes of Germany and German c
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nations. 39 The repeated failure of
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Anglophiles in an Anglophobic count
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expression in stereotypes which cou
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ecame implied weaknesses: the “ph
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A. NEWSPAPERS (London): TITLE (DATE
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(TABLE 1 continued) C. POPULAR AND
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society, albeit a very influential
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TABLE 2 GERMAN STEREOTYPE CONTEXT C
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FIGURE 4. These rough tabulations s
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personalities. Evaluating the histo
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2. HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF NATION
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communications, mass education and
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and enduring than the Persian, Egyp
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home—loyalty, uprightness, honour
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national character in reaction to c
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humanism, he did not fully consider
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partisan differences within nations
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stereotypes in sixteenth and sevent
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Welsh) imperium, one that quickly b
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domestic and international politics
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marriage of state and culture in We
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inseparability of personal and soci
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nationhood. 66 Of course, instinct
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Eagleman has dubbed the brain a “
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difference or affinity such as reli
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Social psychologists since the 1960
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the assignment of negative qualitie
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were also found to involve objectiv
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British views of Germany. Stereotyp
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through either deprecatory or ideal
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3. BRITISHNESS, ENGLISHNESS AND GER
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cultural heroes in the manner of Go
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But rather than dwell like Nairn on
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of a more inclusive civic redefinit
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domestic politics and foreign polic
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to power during the 1830s under the
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literature as well as the inclusion
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his arguments with evidence from st
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Maximillian Robespierre’s radical
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attitudes toward Jews in select maj
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with or in opposition to authoritie
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Nazi takeover represented a pervers
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adaptability, both as a danger and
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social shunning of German families
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national histories, for example, Ke
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Notwithstanding the early appeal of
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changed that. Russia became the che
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Despite excessive fatigue he resolv
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The compression of historical time
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scaremongering. 6 But the obsession
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parts of South Africa and occupied
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once celebrated and endowed with a
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writer to reason that hilly, coasta
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Imperialist identification with Rom
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The classical metaphor provided a v
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ead and low wages galvanized workin
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6-7, 9. spoken at times: but if tre
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British superiority over Germans an
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allowed condemnation of German nati
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component of imperialism to which c
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expressed it, was to Darwin, Spence
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“natural rivals” rather than fr
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If the general impression existed t
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same writer who called Germany the
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5. STEREOTYPES OF OLD GERMANY The G
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earliest outpourings of German “n
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old orders, and manage themselves w
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oddly self-compromised, Germans. Th
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independence of spirit and original
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sixteenth-century German and Englis
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The fine line separating appreciati
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A more innocuous, if no less deplor
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The Pious/Godless German Supercedin
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Newes from Germany” full of porte
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. . . since time immemorial the Pan
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etween 1706 and 1716, but a more si
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described a German graveyard where
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The mirage of Anglo-German religiou
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German works by British critics, co
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of the self-inflicted death of a wo
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literature.” 86 Nevertheless, a t
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writings. 92 But the attraction exe
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potato an Irish vegetable.” 100 A
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emedy the situation and “their ba
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two national figures personified di
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well as outward “cheerfulness”
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South versus an aggrandizing Prussi
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(1820) reported that the “ancient
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Page 203 and 204: officer. 23 In the New Review of Ju
Page 205 and 206: metaphysics.” 29 Both Madame de S
Page 207 and 208: 746-48. Within the paradigm of Germ
Page 209 and 210: foreign bustle and movement.” The
Page 211 and 212: that fateful year, namely “the un
Page 213 and 214: “shadowy Imperial power” prior
Page 215 and 216: author believed required a long int
Page 217 and 218: with discretion and for his pro-Bri
Page 219 and 220: his dismissal. In 1901, Henry W. Wo
Page 221 and 222: measure of political power and pers
Page 223 and 224: adversity. He insisted that the “
Page 225 and 226: In contrast to the undisputed, if u
Page 227 and 228: Conservative agrarians, or Junkers,
Page 229 and 230: Review reported on the visit of som
Page 231 and 232: Anglo-German Colonial Rivalry The a
Page 233 and 234: of those claims, and the evidence o
Page 235 and 236: encouragement of such a vile and in
Page 237 and 238: ecame a sinister attempt to “stab
Page 239 and 240: ultimately reverse a favorable trad
Page 241 and 242: of contention in the history of Ang
Page 243 and 244: countries of policies designed to e
Page 245 and 246: a free hand toward Europe and failu
Page 247 and 248: efficiently prosecute a ground war
Page 249: In the ramp up to World War I, such
Page 253 and 254: two Germanies and the four World Wa
Page 255 and 256: Sonderweg, despite its limited nati
Page 257 and 258: Despite such assurances, however, r
Page 259 and 260: east” may have made for interesti
Page 261 and 262: diametrically opposed to the “loy
Page 263 and 264: 1990s Germany “had become a whipp
Page 265 and 266: Britain defined what it meant to be
Page 267 and 268: BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Books
Page 269 and 270: The Groans of Germany: or, the Enqu
Page 271 and 272: Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German
Page 273 and 274: “The German Character.” Two Par
Page 275 and 276: “Prince Bismarck and the Prussian
Page 277 and 278: “The International Struggle for S
Page 279 and 280: “Why Germany Hates Great Britain.
Page 281 and 282: Altick, Richard D. The English Comm
Page 283 and 284: Camrose, Viscount. British Newspape
Page 285 and 286: Feinberg, Todd E. From Axons to Ide
Page 287 and 288: Halevy, Elie. A History of the Engl
Page 289 and 290: Jones, Larry Eugene and James Retal
Page 291 and 292: Liu, James H. and Janos Laszlo. “
Page 293 and 294: Michelet, Fabienne. Creation, Migra
Page 295 and 296: Porter, Bernard. Critics of Empire:
Page 297 and 298: Steiner, Zara. The Foreign Office a
Page 299 and 300: Young, Robert. The Idea of English
Page 301 and 302:
Koch, H. W. “The Anglo-German All
Page 303 and 304:
VITA Born in Wilmington, Delaware,
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