BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation ...

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crowd”—and therefore could not be relied upon to arouse Germans from the torpor of political apathy (“a stone which cannot easily be set rolling”). 95 Many newspapers were counted as ready tools of a paternal government. The repressive Lèse-Majesté laws, which allowed prosecution of journalists who criticized the kaiser or his government, redeemed to a great extent the reputations of martyred German journalists in British publications normally accustomed to condemning journalistic toadyism or reacting to German Anglophobia. 96 In 1895 the prosecutions of Social Democrat leader, Wilhelm Liebknecht, and Dr. Hans Delbrück, editor of the Preussische Jahrbücher, were considered “absurd” and “childish,” symptomatic of the “young mad cap on the throne.” 97 In 1898 British magazines also mocked the sentencing of Herr Trojan, editor of the satirical Kladderadatsch, to two months in prison for publication of his “Mailed Fist” cartoon ridiculing the kaiser’s statement that a good Prussian soldier must also be a good Christian. The cartoon represented Alexander the Great, Leonidas, Napoleon I and “that scoffing Voltairean, Frederic the Great, listening with amused contempt to the Kaiser’s dictum.” 98 Despite the fact that the Review of Reviews regularly reproduced cartoons from German satirical magazines, such as Simplicissimus and Kladderadatsch, a general impression of the German press as either politically indifferent or subservient persisted. Nearly a decade later in 1907, in the aftermath of a flurry of journalistic hostility referred to as the Anglo-German paper war, the Contemporary 95 Lowe, “German Newspaper Press,” 857-58. 96 “The Germans and Freedom of Thought,” Spectator 80 (January 1898): 158. 97 See “Lèse-Majesté Gone Mad: Liberty of the Press in Germany,” Review of Reviews 12 (October 1895): 514. 98 “Progress of the World: Making Himself Ridiculous,” Review of Reviews 17 (January- June 1898): 115. 220
Review reported on the visit of some English journalists who commented on the state of affairs in Germany. Although united in the hope and belief that Anglophobia had waned and that Germany sought better relations with England, writers differed significantly in their assessments of German politics and potential diplomatic outcomes. The milder appraisal reaffirmed the old stereotype of German blind allegiance to the whims of an earnest and energetic government; the more worrisome appraisal interpreted Germany’s “domineering ambition” and policy of the “mailed-fist” as the will of the people. 99 Anglo-German rivalry and the problem of German Anglophobia had by that time made judgements about German political ability seem like an empty exercise. 99 Frederich Dernburg, “Germany and England: The Visit of the English Journalists,” 91 (June 1907): 764-65; Bunting, “The Journalistic Tour in Germany,” 9, 13. 221
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BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTH
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Periodical Source
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ABSTRACT British identity evolved t
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1 Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-
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English literature in 1867 and his
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in his analysis of the “Anglo-Ger
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the cherished Liberal tenets of rep
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imperialism, but also with perceive
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characterized by a uniformity of ar
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stereotypes of Germany and German c
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nations. 39 The repeated failure of
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Anglophiles in an Anglophobic count
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expression in stereotypes which cou
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ecame implied weaknesses: the “ph
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A. NEWSPAPERS (London): TITLE (DATE
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(TABLE 1 continued) C. POPULAR AND
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society, albeit a very influential
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TABLE 2 GERMAN STEREOTYPE CONTEXT C
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FIGURE 4. These rough tabulations s
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personalities. Evaluating the histo
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2. HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF NATION
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communications, mass education and
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and enduring than the Persian, Egyp
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home—loyalty, uprightness, honour
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national character in reaction to c
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humanism, he did not fully consider
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partisan differences within nations
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stereotypes in sixteenth and sevent
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Welsh) imperium, one that quickly b
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domestic and international politics
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marriage of state and culture in We
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inseparability of personal and soci
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nationhood. 66 Of course, instinct
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Eagleman has dubbed the brain a “
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difference or affinity such as reli
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Social psychologists since the 1960
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the assignment of negative qualitie
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were also found to involve objectiv
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British views of Germany. Stereotyp
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through either deprecatory or ideal
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3. BRITISHNESS, ENGLISHNESS AND GER
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cultural heroes in the manner of Go
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But rather than dwell like Nairn on
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of a more inclusive civic redefinit
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domestic politics and foreign polic
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to power during the 1830s under the
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literature as well as the inclusion
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his arguments with evidence from st
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Maximillian Robespierre’s radical
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attitudes toward Jews in select maj
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with or in opposition to authoritie
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Nazi takeover represented a pervers
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adaptability, both as a danger and
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social shunning of German families
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national histories, for example, Ke
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Notwithstanding the early appeal of
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changed that. Russia became the che
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Despite excessive fatigue he resolv
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The compression of historical time
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scaremongering. 6 But the obsession
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parts of South Africa and occupied
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once celebrated and endowed with a
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writer to reason that hilly, coasta
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Imperialist identification with Rom
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The classical metaphor provided a v
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ead and low wages galvanized workin
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6-7, 9. spoken at times: but if tre
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British superiority over Germans an
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allowed condemnation of German nati
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component of imperialism to which c
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expressed it, was to Darwin, Spence
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“natural rivals” rather than fr
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If the general impression existed t
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same writer who called Germany the
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5. STEREOTYPES OF OLD GERMANY The G
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earliest outpourings of German “n
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old orders, and manage themselves w
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oddly self-compromised, Germans. Th
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independence of spirit and original
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sixteenth-century German and Englis
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The fine line separating appreciati
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A more innocuous, if no less deplor
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The Pious/Godless German Supercedin
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Newes from Germany” full of porte
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. . . since time immemorial the Pan
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etween 1706 and 1716, but a more si
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described a German graveyard where
Page 177 and 178: The mirage of Anglo-German religiou
Page 179 and 180: German works by British critics, co
Page 181 and 182: of the self-inflicted death of a wo
Page 183 and 184: literature.” 86 Nevertheless, a t
Page 185 and 186: writings. 92 But the attraction exe
Page 187 and 188: potato an Irish vegetable.” 100 A
Page 189 and 190: emedy the situation and “their ba
Page 191 and 192: two national figures personified di
Page 193 and 194: well as outward “cheerfulness”
Page 195 and 196: South versus an aggrandizing Prussi
Page 197 and 198: (1820) reported that the “ancient
Page 199 and 200: years indulging in scandalous behav
Page 201 and 202: neo-feudal militarism, all of which
Page 203 and 204: officer. 23 In the New Review of Ju
Page 205 and 206: metaphysics.” 29 Both Madame de S
Page 207 and 208: 746-48. Within the paradigm of Germ
Page 209 and 210: foreign bustle and movement.” The
Page 211 and 212: that fateful year, namely “the un
Page 213 and 214: “shadowy Imperial power” prior
Page 215 and 216: author believed required a long int
Page 217 and 218: with discretion and for his pro-Bri
Page 219 and 220: his dismissal. In 1901, Henry W. Wo
Page 221 and 222: measure of political power and pers
Page 223 and 224: adversity. He insisted that the “
Page 225 and 226: In contrast to the undisputed, if u
Page 227: Conservative agrarians, or Junkers,
Page 231 and 232: Anglo-German Colonial Rivalry The a
Page 233 and 234: of those claims, and the evidence o
Page 235 and 236: encouragement of such a vile and in
Page 237 and 238: ecame a sinister attempt to “stab
Page 239 and 240: ultimately reverse a favorable trad
Page 241 and 242: of contention in the history of Ang
Page 243 and 244: countries of policies designed to e
Page 245 and 246: a free hand toward Europe and failu
Page 247 and 248: efficiently prosecute a ground war
Page 249 and 250: In the ramp up to World War I, such
Page 251 and 252: 8. CONCLUSION The 2011 European Uni
Page 253 and 254: two Germanies and the four World Wa
Page 255 and 256: Sonderweg, despite its limited nati
Page 257 and 258: Despite such assurances, however, r
Page 259 and 260: east” may have made for interesti
Page 261 and 262: diametrically opposed to the “loy
Page 263 and 264: 1990s Germany “had become a whipp
Page 265 and 266: Britain defined what it meant to be
Page 267 and 268: BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Books
Page 269 and 270: The Groans of Germany: or, the Enqu
Page 271 and 272: Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German
Page 273 and 274: “The German Character.” Two Par
Page 275 and 276: “Prince Bismarck and the Prussian
Page 277 and 278: “The International Struggle for S
Page 279 and 280:
“Why Germany Hates Great Britain.
Page 281 and 282:
Altick, Richard D. The English Comm
Page 283 and 284:
Camrose, Viscount. British Newspape
Page 285 and 286:
Feinberg, Todd E. From Axons to Ide
Page 287 and 288:
Halevy, Elie. A History of the Engl
Page 289 and 290:
Jones, Larry Eugene and James Retal
Page 291 and 292:
Liu, James H. and Janos Laszlo. “
Page 293 and 294:
Michelet, Fabienne. Creation, Migra
Page 295 and 296:
Porter, Bernard. Critics of Empire:
Page 297 and 298:
Steiner, Zara. The Foreign Office a
Page 299 and 300:
Young, Robert. The Idea of English
Page 301 and 302:
Koch, H. W. “The Anglo-German All
Page 303 and 304:
VITA Born in Wilmington, Delaware,
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