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e noted that Philippson was <strong>the</strong> prime mover in opening up<br />
Geiger's Berlin Seminary in 1872. 257<br />
Steinschneider perpetuated <strong>the</strong> tradition of Biblical criticism<br />
started by An<strong>to</strong>n through his students, such as Schechter. This<br />
was true of all members of <strong>the</strong> Biblical conspiracy. For<br />
example, Max Lillienthal scouted out Daniel Chwolson (1819-<br />
1911) in Riga when he was <strong>the</strong>re doing <strong>the</strong> dirty work of <strong>the</strong><br />
Bund. 258 Lillienthal sent him <strong>to</strong> Abraham Geiger because<br />
Chwolson had a good Rabbinical background. Geiger trained<br />
his student well, and initiated him for fur<strong>the</strong>r work in <strong>the</strong> field of<br />
Biblical criticism, and like Carl An<strong>to</strong>n, it was necessary for<br />
Chwolson <strong>to</strong> fulfill his mission by converting <strong>to</strong> Christianity so<br />
that he could get a professorship. So in 1855 Chwolson ac-<br />
cepted Greek Orthodoxy, and a university professorship, as<br />
chairman of <strong>the</strong> department of Oriental studies at <strong>the</strong><br />
University of St. Petersburg in Russia. It was <strong>the</strong>re that<br />
Chwolson continued his work in <strong>the</strong> field of Biblical blasphemy.<br />
However, he started <strong>to</strong> rebel against <strong>the</strong> conspiracy, and quit<br />
<strong>the</strong> Hebrew Enlightenment Society of St. Petersburg (Chever<br />
Mefitze HaHaskala). From that day on, he became a staunch<br />
defender of Rabbinical Judaism, and utilized his university<br />
professorship <strong>to</strong> defend yeshivot, Talmudic publications, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Jews of Russia against blood libels.<br />
An interesting study in contrasts between a committed<br />
Biblical critic who is politically indoctrinated, and one who was<br />
attracted <strong>to</strong> Jewish studies and adopted <strong>the</strong> blasphemies of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Biblical critics because he was logically convinced of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
merit, is provided by studying <strong>the</strong> lives of Ephraim Speiser<br />
(1902-1965) and Yechezkiel Kaufmann (1889-1963). Ephraim<br />
Speiser was born in Galacia, and came <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States in<br />
1920. Kaufmann was born in Poland, but instead of settling in<br />
<strong>the</strong> United States, he was Zionistically inclined, and settled in<br />
Israel in 1928. Speiser was on <strong>the</strong> Edi<strong>to</strong>rial Committee of <strong>the</strong><br />
Anchor Bible, and in 1964, he produced <strong>the</strong> Genesis edition. It<br />
is full of blasphemy like <strong>the</strong> rest of <strong>the</strong> Anchor Bible, and<br />
139