Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

The inception, development, and production of this UNESCOReport was facilitated, supported, and promoted by morethan 150 individuals, organizations and institutions in theprofessional, public and private sectors. Without their voluntarygenerosity, commitment and support, this world-firstinternational Report may not have been possible. All are to bewarmly congratulated on behalf of the engineering and widercommunities for their enthusiastic patronage of a projectattempting to fill the gap in the paucity of information regardingthe important role of engineering in sustainable social andeconomic development. Initial acknowledgements are thereforedue to the Executive Board and colleagues of the WorldFederation of Engineering Organizations ( WFEO), includingBill Rourke, Peter Greenwood and Barry Grear, who discussedand endorsed the idea of an international engineering reportin 2005, to Kamel Ayadi, WFEO President in 2006–07, whopresented a proposal for a UNESCO Engineering Report toUNESCO in 2006, and to Koïchiro Matsuura, former Director-General of UNESCO, who approved the proposal, leading tothe beginning of work on the Report in October 2006. BarryGrear, WFEO President in 2008–09, and Maria Prieto-Laffargue,President from 2010, are also acknowledged as enthusiasticsupporters of the Report, as is Director-General Irina Bokova,who has emphasized the important role of engineering in sustainablesocial and economic development.Work on the Report began with invitations to and discussionswith Bill Salmon and colleagues from the International Councilof Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences( CAETS), Peter Boswell and colleagues at the InternationalFederation of Consulting Engineers ( FIDIC), whose supportas partner organizations is gratefully acknowledged. An editorialadvisory committee was then formed, drawn from engineeringorganizations around the world, and consulted on anactual and virtual basis regarding the structure and formatof the Report. The editorial advisory committee consistedof co-chairs Walter Erdelen, then Assistant Director-Generalfor Natural Sciences at UNESCO and Kamel Ayadi, togetherwith Peter Boswell ( FIDIC), George Bugliarello, Brian Figaji,Monique Frize, Willi Fuchs, Issié Yvonne Gueye, Charlie Hargroves,Yumio Ishii, Paul Jowitt, Andrew Lamb, Eriabu Lugujjo,Najat Rochdi, Bill Salmon ( CAETS), Luiz Scavarda, MohammedSheya, Vladimir Yackovlev, Tahani Youssef, Miguel AngelYadarola, Zhong Yixin and Lidia Żakowska. Many were alsoinvited to contribute and all are thanked for their help inorganizing the Report.The Report consists essentially of invited contributions, submittedon an honorary basis, and the generous support ofthe following contributors is highly appreciated: MenhemAlameddine, Sam Amod, Felix Atume, Margaret Austin,Kamel Ayadi, Gérard Baron, Conrado Bauer, Jim Birch, PeggyOti-Boateng, Nelius Boshoff, Peter Boswell, David Botha, JohnBoyd, Damir Brdjanovic, George Bugliarello, Lars Bytoff, Jean-Claude Charpentier, Tan Seng Chuan, Andrew Cleland, ReginaClewlow, Daniel D. Clinton Jr., Jo da Silva, Mona Dahms, CláudioDall’Acqua, Darrel Danyluk, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Erikde Graaff, Cheryl Desha, Allison Dickert, Christelle Didier, GaryDowney, Xiangyun Du, Wendy Faulkner, Monique Frize, WilliFuchs, Jacques Gaillard, Pat Galloway, P.S. Goel, Barry Grear,Phillip Greenish, Peter Greenwood, Yvonnne Issié Gueye,Leanne Hardwicke, Charlie Hargroves, Rohani Hashim, SaschaHermann, Bob Hodgson, Hans Jürgen Hoyer, Youssef Ibrahim,Azni Idris, Yumio Ishii, Mervyn Jones, Russ Jones, the JordanEngineers Association, Paul Jowitt, Jan Kaczmarek, MarleneKanga, Anette Kolmos, Sam Kundishora, Andrew Lamb, AllysonLawless, Leizer Lerner, Antje Lienert, Simon Lovatt, JuanLucena, Eriabu Lugujjo, Takaaki Maekawa, Don Mansell, TonyMarjoram, Petter Matthews, Jose Medem, Jean Michel, JamesR. Mihelcic, Ian Miles, Victor Miranda, Włodzimierz Miszalski,Mokubung Mokubung, Jacques Moulot, Johann Mouton,Solomon Mwangi, Douglas Oakervee, Gossett Oliver, RajendraPachauri, Beverley Parkin, Stuart Parkinson, Waldimir Pirró eLongo, Arvind K. Poothia, Krishnamurthy Ramanathan, TonyRidley, Badaoui Rouhban, Bill Salmon, Luiz Scavarda, DavidSingleton, Vladimir Sitsev, Jorge Spitalnik, Catherine Stansbury,Neill Stansbury, Don Stewart, Mario Telichevsky, LeiatauaTom Tinai, Susan Thomas, K. Vairavamoorthy, CharlesVest, Kevin Wall, Iring Wasser, Ron Watermeyer, PhilippeWauters, Andrew West, John Woodcock, Vladimir Yackovlev,Miguel Angel Yadarola and Zhong Yixin. Gunnar Westholmand Alison Young consulted on the complexities of statisticsand indicators relating to science and engineering, and theircontribution helped identify some of the issues and challengesregarding the urgent need for more detailed data collectionand disaggregation. The UNESCO Institute of Statistics provideddata for this Report, and their role in developing data isof obvious importance. Further details of the contributors arelisted separately.Several of the above and other contributors also contributedphotographs and other materials to illustrate the text, andspecial thanks in this context go to Arup, a global technicalconsulting company, for the use of photographs of some oftheir projects around the world and their Drivers of Changepublication, developed to help identify and explore issues facingand affecting our world, to the South African Institutionof Civil Engineers (SAICE) and the UK Institution of Civil Engineers(ICE) – no report on engineering would be completewithout a photograph of Isambard Kingdom Brunel – one ofthe most famous founders of modern engineering.The editorial team was based in the Engineering Sciencesprogramme of the Basic and Engineering Sciences Divisionin the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO, and consisted ofTony Marjoram, Senior Programme Specialist responsible forthe engineering sciences as coordinator and editor, AndrewLamb, consultant technical editor and editorial advisor,Acknowledgements9