Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT4.3.3Barry GrearThe World Federation ofEngineering Organizations(WFEO)Engineering is a profession that is truly international. An ideafor a structure, project or product may be conceived by anengineer in one country, it may be designed in one or morecountries, constructed or produced with components frommany countries, operated and maintained where used anddisposed of with international support. In this era, the conceptof an engineer belonging to a country is challenged and mayeven be considered obsolete. It is however important for allengineering associations, governments and firms to have confidencein the abilities, standards and experience of engineersworking across international boundaries. The World Federationof Engineering Organizations ( WFEO) therefore has severalimportant roles as the international body representing theengineering profession worldwide. The national professionalinstitutions that constitute WFEO have ten million engineersworldwide in their registered memberships. WFEO thereforeaims to be the internationally recognized and chosen leaderof the engineering profession, and it cooperates with othernational and international professional engineering organizationssuch as FIDIC and CAETS. WFEO’s mission is to:■■■represent the engineering profession internationally, providingthe collective wisdom and leadership of the professionto assist national agencies choose appropriate policy optionsthat address the most critical issues facing the world;enhance the practice of engineering;make information on engineering available to all countriesof the world and to facilitate communication of best practicebetween its members;■ foster socio-economic security, sustainable developmentand poverty alleviation among all countries of the world,through the proper application of technology; and■ serve society and to be recognized by national and internationalorganizations and the public as a respected and valuablesource of advice and guidance on the policies, interestsand concerns that relate engineering and technology to thehuman and natural environment.WFEO has eight Standing Committees that are each convenedwith international membership:■The Committee on Engineering and the EnvironmentResponsible for issues relating to engineering, the environmentand sustainable development, climate change mitigationand adaptation and associated infrastructure, advisingvarious bodies including the United Nations Commissionon Sustainable Development.■CommunicationThe Committee on Information andResponsible for engineering and information and communicationtechnologies, including advice regarding theintroduction and application of ICTs for development, andreduction of the information divide.■■■■■■The Committee on Education and TrainingResponsible for matters relating to engineering educationand training, and providing advice and assistance in settinginternational standards, including the mobility of graduateand experienced engineers.The Committee on TechnologyWorks on a wide range of projects relating to appropriatetechnologies, including the provision of advice regardingthe development of building code and urban infrastructurein developing countries.The Committee on Capacity BuildingResponsible for issues relating to capacity-building in engineering,including the provision of advice and assistanceto communities in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America andthe Caribbean, and the development of a model to ensurethe transfer of technology when development projects areundertaken.The Committee on EnergyWorking in all areas related to engineering and energy,including the development of reports on the feasibilityconditions of different energy technologies, with publicationson wind energy and nuclear power energy, and currentpreparation of reports on solar energy and bio energy.The Committee on Anti-CorruptionFocal point for the provision of advice to WFEO membersand linkage with related organizations such as UNESCO,the World Bank and Transparency International to developactivities to minimize corruption that reduce the effectivenessof development assistance.The Committee on Women in EngineeringResponsible for activities relating to women and genderissues in engineering, including the development of a programto empower women in engineering and technologyby networking and developing leadership skills, utilizing theexperience of long established women’s groups and providingassistance in strengthening new initiatives.Economic efficiency requires a country to rapidly deploy newtechnologies from elsewhere, and to attract capital to purchase138
AN OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERINGthose technologies. Many developing countries do not havesufficient capital of their own and therefore need to attractforeign direct investment (FDI). This in turn requires adherenceto intellectual property laws, but also low levels of corruptionand fair taxation and/or tariffs. Political instability andaccess to finance are important factors but electricity supplyand adequate roads are also rated as significant obstacles bythe World Development Bank. Worldwide, engineering qualificationshave become highly regarded by employers becauseof their emphasis on risk management, ethical practice andsustainable outcomes. In this way, graduates from engineeringcourses have become a new source of managers and leadersfor many organizations and professions. Whenever capital ismade available it is vital that the nation has the technical capabilityto make good technology decisions.The WFEO has been able to vigorously represent the engineeringprofession in global policy settings, especially with regardto issues of sustainable development and human welfare.This means interacting visibly and effectively with the UnitedNations and its specialized agencies such as UNESCO and theWorld Bank, as well as the international and regional developmentbanks and financing agencies. With the whole-heartedendorsement and support of WFEO members, there has beensignificant achievement. For example, the UN MillenniumDevelopment Goals Task Force on Science, Technology andInnovation was co-chaired by WFEO.Sadly there are still too many people who have never turnedon a light switch, never walked on a built roadway, let aloneridden on one. This leads on to a final point regarding the poorcondition of infrastructure worldwide. An ever-increasing globalpopulation that continues to shift to urban areas requireswidespread adoption of sustainability. Demands for energy,drinking water, clean air, safe waste disposal, and transportationwill drive environmental protection and infrastructuredevelopment. Society will face increased threats from naturalevents, accidents, and perhaps other causes such as terrorism.The public is becoming increasingly aware that developmentneed not come at the price of a compromised and depletedenvironment for them and their children, and has begun tosee sustainability, not as an unattainable ideal, but as a practicalgoal. To answer that call, engineers associated with WFEOincreasingly transform themselves from designers and buildersto lifecycle project ‘sustainers’.On the demographic front, the world is well on its way to apopulation exceeding ten billion people in 2050. Today, peopleoccupy more space on the planet than they did thirty yearsago, and they are straining the earth’s environment, particularlythe requirements for energy, fresh water, clean air, andsafe waste disposal. Over the past thirty years, gradual globalwarming has profoundly impacted on more than half of theworld’s population living within fifty miles of coastal areas.These areas have become much harsher places to live becauseof sea level rise, increased storm activity, and greater susceptibilityto flooding. Growing population, shrinking resourcesand climate change have put us on the path to sustainability,and have put sustainability at the forefront of issues requiringglobal attention. WFEO and its members continue to striveto understand the aspirational role that they will play in thatradically transformed world.4.3.4International Council ofAcademies of Engineeringand Technological Sciences(CAETS)William SalmonThe International Council of Academies of Engineering andTechnological Sciences ( CAETS) consists of national academiesof engineering and technological sciences from differentcountries. CAETS was established in 1978 with five foundingacademies and held its first Convocation that year in WashingtonDC at the invitation of the US National Academy ofEngineering (NAE). Each CAETS member academy consists ofpeer-elected members representing the highest standard ofexcellence and achievement in their profession for that nation.With a well-established program of service on importantnational and international issues with significant engineeringand technological content, many of these national academiesare called upon by their governments to provide authoritative,objective advice on technological issues of nationalimportance. Working together in CAETS, the academies forma worldwide engineering resource that can address with thehighest skills and capabilities major global issues that requirethe considered judgement of the world’s most outstandingengineering talent. CAETS was created with a vision thatnational and international decision-making on economic,social and environmental issues is properly informed by relevantscientific, technological and engineering considerationsso that all people can fully benefit from the capabilities of science,technology and engineering.ObjectivesConsistent with its Articles of Incorporation and in support ofits mission, CAETS:■provides an independent non-political and non-governmentalinternational organization of engineering andtechnological sciences academies prepared to advise governmentsand international organizations on technical andpolicy issues related to its areas of expertise;139
Page 2 and 3:
UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
Page 4:
This landmark report on engineering
Page 7 and 8:
Executive SummaryAn agenda for engi
Page 9 and 10:
ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Introductionto the Report
Page 17:
INTRODUCTION© GFDL - Wikimedia - L
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
1What is Engineering?
Page 24 and 25:
WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
Page 26 and 27:
WHAT IS ENGINEERING?1.2 Engineers,
Page 28 and 29:
2Engineering andHuman Development
Page 30 and 31:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTth
Page 32 and 33:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTwi
Page 34 and 35:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTin
Page 36 and 37:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTMo
Page 38 and 39:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT2.
Page 40 and 41:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTre
Page 42 and 43:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT2.
Page 44 and 45:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTa
Page 46 and 47:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTIn
Page 48 and 49:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTTh
Page 50 and 51:
ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTke
Page 52 and 53:
3Engineering:Emerging Issues and Ch
Page 54 and 55:
ENGINEERING: EMERGING ISSUES AND CH
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87: ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
5Engineering around the world
Page 204 and 205:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDnationa
Page 206 and 207:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDwere ta
Page 208 and 209:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDare nee
Page 210 and 211:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLD5.3Coun
Page 212 and 213:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDand res
Page 214 and 215:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDof addi
Page 216 and 217:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDevolvin
Page 218 and 219:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLD■■
Page 220 and 221:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDdissati
Page 222 and 223:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDing tec
Page 224 and 225:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDFosteri
Page 226 and 227:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDneers a
Page 228 and 229:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDGerman
Page 230 and 231:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDTable 1
Page 232 and 233:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDAfter t
Page 234 and 235:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDence, e
Page 236 and 237:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLD■ Pro
Page 238 and 239:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDBrazilL
Page 240 and 241:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDAs the
Page 242 and 243:
ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDnology-
Page 244 and 245:
6Engineering for Development:Applic
Page 246 and 247:
ENGINEERING FOR DEVELOPMENT: APPLIC
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
7Engineering Capacity:Education, Tr
Page 306 and 307:
ENGINEERING CAPACITY: EDUCATION, TR
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
Page 370 and 371:
APPENDICES9.2Biographies of Contrib
Page 372 and 373:
APPENDICESopment of software for in
Page 374 and 375:
APPENDICESwas President of the Euro
Page 376 and 377:
APPENDICESous career in higher educ
Page 378 and 379:
APPENDICES2002 and has led the deve
Page 380 and 381:
APPENDICESity engineering, and form
Page 382 and 383:
APPENDICESKevin WallDr Kevin Wall i
Page 384 and 385:
APPENDICES9.3List of acronyms abbre
Page 386 and 387:
APPENDICESIAAMRHIACETICCICEICIDICSU
Page 388 and 389:
APPENDICESUNCSTDUNCTADUNDPUNEPUNESC
Page 390 and 391:
APPENDICES212, 213, 214, 215, 217,
show all

Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?