Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENTTable 9: Women as % of Total Enrolled Tertiary-Level Students, by Engineering Subfield, 1998 and 2005 -Europe/ OECD - Selected Countries120TotalEngineering& Eng.Trades1998 2005Manufacturing& ProcessingArchitecture& BuildingTotalEngineering& Eng.TradesManufacturing& ProcessingArchitecture& BuildingAlbania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Austria 16,7 ... ... ... 20,7 12,4 32,0 30,5Belgium ... ... ... ... 21,0 13,0 46,3 33,8Bulgaria 39,6 38,2 51,5 44,2 32,0 28,8 49,9 40,9Croatia ... ... ... ... 24,7 13,6 53,5 30,8Cyprus ... ... ... ... 12,9 6,1 ... 32,8Czech Republic 20,1 13,4 39,5 24,3 21,2 11,7 58,5 29,1Denmark 35,4 33,0 64,9 31,5 33,1 26,2 85,2 35,5Estonia 27,1 12,5 62,9 22,3 27,5 17,8 50,7 29,6Finland 16,6 11,6 46,4 25,1 18,7 15,9 42,7 25,1France ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Germany 16,6 6,4 25,9 30,9 18,4 10,1 37,3 35,8Greece ... ... ... ... 27,7 26,5 18,2 51,1Hungary 20,9 14,7 51,7 33,5 19,1 9,3 51,9 35,3Iceland 20,6 10,0 65,2 18,1 31,3 22,9 73,5 41,9Ireland 15,7 15,8 17,0 14,8 16,3 12,3 33,1 17,8Italy 25,3 15,3 55,6 47,9 27,7 17,1 48,7 42,6Latvia 24,9 23,8 25,2 61,8 21,4 14,2 51,1 23,5Liechtenstein ... ... ... ... 31,1 ... ... 31,1Lithuania 33,0 20,1 70,0 36,2 26,0 16,4 71,8 31,3Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 5,3 0,8 ... 11,0 ... ... ... ...Macedonia ... ... ... ... 31,7 19,5 53,2 43,9Malta ... ... ... ... 28,4 19,3 ... 38,9Netherlands 12,4 5,4 52,9 18,8 13,5 5,5 73,1 17,6Norway 24,6 22,2 47,3 28,8 24,1 18,5 46,7 33,9Poland 20,9 15,2 45,1 25,5 25,6 17,8 47,5 36,5Portugal 28,8 22,2 55,3 35,2 26,0 17,7 58,2 35,2Romania 23,1 24,6 19,8 41,7 29,3 28,7 26,1 49,8Slovakia 28,1 23,4 43,9 31,5 28,0 23,3 49,0 32,6Slovenia 23,9 12,1 60,8 33,8 24,1 6,6 51,7 34,9Spain 25,1 20,3 34,2 34,3 27,8 22,2 49,2 37,1Sweden 24,9 24,9 ... ... 28,0 24,6 44,4 41,9Switzerland ... ... ... ... 14,2 8,3 35,8 24,7Turkey ... ... ... ... 18,2 6,9 44,1 30,2United Kingdom 15,9 ... ... 24,5 19,1 12,4 29,0 27,5United States ... ... ... ... 16,2 15,5 7,0 41,4Japan 10,4 ... ... ... 11,9 ... ... ...Source: Eurostat
AN OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERINGTable 10: Total Persons, 2003-2006, with Tertiary-Level Engineering Qualifications in the Labour Force (aged 15-74) - thousands -Europe/ OECD - Selected CountriesTotal Male Female2003 2004 2005 * 2006* 2003 2004 2005* 2006* 2003 2004 2005* 2006*European Union (27 countries) 8,118 11,056 10,963 12,778 6,970 9,419 9,250 10,837 1,148 1,637 1,713 1,941European Economic Area (EEA)** 8,173 11,109 11,021 12,783 7,020 9,468 9,302 10,841 1,153 1,641 1,719 1,942Austria ... 270 254 253 ... 243 228 226 ... 27 26 28Belgium ... 270 269 282 ... 227 233 240 ... 43 36 42Bulgaria 243 260 254 252 162 169 160 162 81 91 94 90Cyprus 18 17 17 19 15 14 15 15 4 3 3 4Czech Republic 209 ... ... 228 173 ... ... 190 36 ... ... 38Denmark 187 179 192 200 141 143 151 159 46 36 41 42Estonia 77 72 82 79 47 45 52 51 30 27 30 28Finland 232 242 241 242 205 211 208 215 26 31 33 27France 1,200 1,292 1,443 1,548 1,035 1,093 1,205 1,332 165 199 238 216Germany 3,170 3,227 3,658 3,489 2,812 2,833 3,232 3,086 358 394 426 403Greece 184 199 202 227 146 157 157 177 37 42 45 50Hungary 200 213 220 221 162 172 176 176 38 41 43 45Iceland 5 5 6 4 4 4 5 4 ... ... ... ...Ireland ... 83 88 ... ... 76 80 ... ... 7 8 ...Italy 531 535 574 662 414 428 462 502 117 108 113 160Latvia 63 66 68 38 39 41 45 26 24 24 23 12Lithuania ... 150 150 144 ... 105 108 101 ... 45 42 43Luxembourg 6 10 11 10 5 9 10 9 1 1 2 1Malta ... 2 3 3 ... 2 3 2 ... ... ... ...Netherlands 310 334 312 288 284 307 284 267 25 27 29 21Norway 50 48 53 ... 45 45 47 ... ... ... 6 ...Poland ... 42 570 609 ... 36 474 484 ... 6 96 125Portugal ... 108 128 134 ... 87 95 100 ... 22 33 34Romania ... 363 378 403 ... 247 256 276 ... 116 122 127Slovakia 89 104 117 120 71 76 89 97 17 29 28 23Slovenia 39 44 50 52 31 36 41 43 8 9 9 9Spain 1,360 1,399 ... 1,586 1,226 1,256 ... 1,416 134 143 ... 170Sweden ... 212 235 251 ... 166 182 196 ... 46 53 55Switzerland 112 185 230 288 100 168 210 262 12 17 20 25Turkey ... ... ... 649 ... ... ... 497 ... ... ... 152United Kingdom ... 1,360 1,447 1,437 ... 1,242 1,305 1,290 ... 118 141 147Source: Eurostat* For most countries there is a break in series between 2005 and 2006** EU-27 plus Iceland, Lithuania and Norway121
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UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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This landmark report on engineering
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Executive SummaryAn agenda for engi
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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
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Introductionto the Report
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INTRODUCTION© GFDL - Wikimedia - L
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1What is Engineering?
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?1.2 Engineers,
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTth
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTwi
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTin
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTMo
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT2.
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTre
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT2.
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTa
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTIn
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTTh
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTke
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3Engineering:Emerging Issues and Ch
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ENGINEERING: EMERGING ISSUES AND CH
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5Engineering around the world
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDnationa
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDwere ta
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDare nee
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLD5.3Coun
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDand res
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDof addi
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDevolvin
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLD■■
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDdissati
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDing tec
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDFosteri
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDneers a
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDGerman
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDTable 1
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDAfter t
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDence, e
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLD■ Pro
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDBrazilL
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDAs the
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDnology-
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6Engineering for Development:Applic
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ENGINEERING FOR DEVELOPMENT: APPLIC
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7Engineering Capacity:Education, Tr
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ENGINEERING CAPACITY: EDUCATION, TR
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICES9.2Biographies of Contrib
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICESwas President of the Euro
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APPENDICESous career in higher educ
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APPENDICES2002 and has led the deve
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APPENDICESity engineering, and form
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APPENDICESKevin WallDr Kevin Wall i
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APPENDICES9.3List of acronyms abbre
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APPENDICESIAAMRHIACETICCICEICIDICSU
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APPENDICESUNCSTDUNCTADUNDPUNEPUNESC
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APPENDICES212, 213, 214, 215, 217,
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