Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT■■■■contributes to the strengthening of engineering and technologicalactivities in order to promote sustainable economicgrowth and social welfare throughout the world;fosters a balanced understanding of the applications ofengineering and technology by the public;provides an international forum for discussion and communicationof engineering and technological issues of commonconcern;fosters cooperative international engineering and technologicalefforts through meaningful contacts for the developmentof programs of bilateral and multilateral interest;■ encourages improvement of engineering education andpractice internationally;■■fosters establishment of additional engineering academiesin countries where none exist; andundertakes other projects, programs and activities.MissionThe CAETS mission is to foster effective engineering and technologicalprogress for the benefit of societies of all countries.Specifically, CAETS provides the mechanism through whichthe engineering and applied science academies of the worldwork together on internationally important issues. Memberacademies each have a well-established programme of serviceon important national and international issues with significantengineering and technological content, and many are calledupon by their governments to provide authoritative, objectiveadvice on technological issues of national importance. CAETSenables each academy to draw on the total global experienceand expertise of all member academies when addressing issuesat their own national level. It also ensures that the best technologicaland engineering expertise is made available and usedto best advantage by key international and inter-governmentalinstitutions and organizations.GovernanceThe administrative and policy body of CAETS, on whicheach academy has one representative, is the Council whichelects the Officers (President, President-elect, Past Presidentand Secretary/Treasurer) and the Board of Directors, whichconsists of the Officers (the Executive Committee) and fourother members each serving, except for the Secretary/Treasurer,for one year terms. The major CAETS events are itsannual Council meetings, its biennial Convocations and itshost-academy sponsored symposia in alternate non-Convocationyears. Past Convocations have focused on ‘Engineering,Innovation and Society’, ‘Technology and Health’, ‘WorldForests and Technology’, ‘Entertaining Bytes’, ‘Oceans andthe World’s Future’, ‘Hydrogen Economy: Clean Energy forthis Century’ and ‘Environment and Sustainable Growth’.StrategyCAETS priorities include engagement with the United Nationsspecialized agencies and related international organizations,fostering and strengthening national academies of engineeringand technological sciences, convocations, symposia andreports, support for member academy initiatives, and addressingissues of common concern of the member academies.With respect to its first priority listed above, CAETS participatesin an ongoing advisory/consultative role with the relevantscientific/technological organizations of the UnitedNations (UN) System, and it has established working relationswith WFEO, IAC, ICSU and other relevant non-governmentalbodies in respect of CAETS linkages with the UN.The CAETS website (http://www.caets.org) includes informationon all aspects of CAETS activities, and mailing addressesof and links to the websites of its member academies. CAETSis incorporated in the District of Columbia, USA, June 30 2000and is an IRS 510(c)(3) tax-exempt, charitable organization.4.3.5Peter BoswellInternational Federation ofConsulting Engineers ( FIDIC)The International Federation of Consulting Engineers ( FIDIC)represents the consulting engineering industry at the internationallevel. A macroeconomic analysis confirms the industry’ssignificance and importance. The consulting engineeringindustry, which comprises independent private consultingfirms supplying services on a fee-for-service basis, is a majorindustry worldwide. It has an annual revenue of some US$490billion, and is heavily involved with the construction, managementand industrial sectors that generate one-half of theworld’s GDP. Any industry sector, especially one that makesmajor contributions to conceiving, designing, delivering andmaintaining the world’s infrastructure, aims to be able toquantify the scope and importance of its activities. However,unlike the manufacturing sector, the services sector, of whichthe consulting engineering industry forms a part, does notlend itself to a straightforward analysis. Data is lacking and theclassification of activities often prevents a rigorous analysis.Most recent discussions of the industry’s activities havetaken place within the context of the World Trade Organization’strade in service negotiations and the harmonization ofnational statistics. These two approaches have converged ona reasonably robust classification of the consulting engineeringindustry’s activities that span both architectural and civil140
AN OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERINGengineering services in the broadest sense, as well as industrialconsultancy. Given this perspective, and faced with the needto quantify in detail industry activity at the national level tosum up the global demand for consulting engineering services,FIDIC has developed a top-down macroeconomic approachbased on investments to estimate the global demand. This isof sufficient importance to discuss in more detail.FIDIC’s role in quantifying the consultancy industryThe WTO GATS classification: Bottom-up industry dataConsulting engineers are generally recognized as supplying technologybased intellectual services for two broad market sectors:the built environment (comprising buildings, infrastructureand the environment), and industry (involving manufacturing,equipment and process plant). Since industry also involvesthe built environment it is convenient to distinguish consultingengineering in terms of architectural and engineering (A&E)services and product engineering (or industrial consultancy).These services may be supplied a) internally by organizationsresponsible for a project or for supplying plant and equipmentto a project, or b) externally by both specialized and multidisciplinaryfirms coming from consulting engineering and otherindustries. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that hasbeen the focus of most recent discussion on quantifying theindustry’s importance. The GATS Services Sectoral ClassificationList MTN.GNS/W/120 spreads engineering services overonly two categories:■■Professional Services, namely Architectural, Engineering,Integrated Engineering and Urban and Landscaping Services(collectively called ‘A&E Services’) provided by qualifiedarchitects and engineers.Construction and Related Engineering Services, which referto physical construction and related engineering works andare classified as Construction Services.Numerous commentators have pointed out that:a)Construction Services involve Professional Services, andvice versa.b) Some A&E Services are not included, such as services pro-vided by surveyors, topographical engineers, constructioneconomists and quantity surveyors.c) Engineering services are required in other services sec-tors – including under the W/120 Environmental Servicescategory and Professional Services classified underthe Computer and Related Services category as well asunder Other Business Services (mining, manufacturing,fisheries, agriculture, testing, energy distribution, securityequipment maintenance, building services; managementconsulting) – all of which are very much the domain ofconsulting engineers.d) Industrial consultancy services for engineered machinery(Standard Industrial Classification SIC 353-9; SIC 361-6)are a major category in some countries’ national statisticsbut have no W/120 equivalent here.Given the evident confusion, the question therefore is whetherexisting statistical databases can give a reasonably accuratepicture of consulting engineering that does justice to theindustry’s importance.National sector statistics: A&E Professional ServicesRegarding W/120 A&E Professional Services, it has been notedthat International Standard Industrial Classification of all EconomicActivities (ISIC) categories for Professional and OtherBusiness Services (ISIC 882 Architectural, engineering andother technical activities), upon which many national statisticsare based, correspond to the W/120 A&E Services (CPCCodes 8671-4). In turn, the W/120 A&E Professional Services(CPC Codes 8671-4) correspond to the International LabourOrganization’s International Standard Classification of OccupationISCO-88: 214. Thus, there is a possibility that nationalstatistics based on engineering disciplines are in some casessufficiently disaggregated to be able to measure W/120 A&EProfessional Services.National sector statistics: Construction and relatedengineering servicesRegarding W/120 Construction and Related EngineeringServices (CPC 512-7), it is also noted that they correspondto ISIC Construction and Engineering-Related Services (ISIC501-5), which form the basis for many national statistics.UNCTAD has separated Construction and Related EngineeringServices into ‘Construction and Related EngineeringServices for A&E Design’ and ‘Construction and RelatedEngineering Service for Physical Construction’. The latter isaccurately reflected in:■■ISIC Revision 3 Construction (ISIC 451-5) covering allaspects of physical construction of a building (site preparation;building of complete constructions or parts thereof;civil engineering; building installation; building completion;renting of construction or demolition equipment withoperator).Extended Balance of Payments Services (EBOPS) 249 coveringsite preparation and general construction for buildingsand other structures, construction work for civil engineering,as well as installation and assembly work. It alsoincludes repairs, renting services of construction or demoli-141
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UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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This landmark report on engineering
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Executive SummaryAn agenda for engi
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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
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Introductionto the Report
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INTRODUCTION© GFDL - Wikimedia - L
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1What is Engineering?
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?1.2 Engineers,
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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ENGINEERING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTth
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3Engineering:Emerging Issues and Ch
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5Engineering around the world
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDdissati
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDGerman
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDTable 1
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6Engineering for Development:Applic
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7Engineering Capacity:Education, Tr
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICES9.2Biographies of Contrib
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICESwas President of the Euro
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APPENDICESous career in higher educ
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APPENDICES2002 and has led the deve
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APPENDICESity engineering, and form
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APPENDICESKevin WallDr Kevin Wall i
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APPENDICES9.3List of acronyms abbre
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APPENDICESIAAMRHIACETICCICEICIDICSU
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APPENDICESUNCSTDUNCTADUNDPUNEPUNESC
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