Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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ENGINEERING FOR DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTUREand innovated to promote sustainable development andaddress climate change mitigation and adaptation. It is apparentthat these challenges are linked to a possible solution tothese challenges, and many young people and student engineersare keen to address these international issues, especiallythose relating to sustainable development and climatechange. This is reflected, as mentioned earlier, by the interestof young people in Engineers Without Borders groups aroundthe world, and the UNESCO-Daimler Mondialogo EngineeringAward, featured elsewhere in this Report. To promote engineeringand attract young people we need to emphasize theseissues in teaching curricula and practice.6.1.5 Sustainable Developmentand the WEHAB AgendaDarrel Danyluk and Jorge SpitalnikEngineering contributes to creating the groundwork for developingappropriate solutions to a wide array of issues arisingfrom the Millennium Development Goals. The acronym‘WEHAB’ comes from the following action areas recognized asbeing key to addressing these issues:■■■■■Water and sanitationEnergyHealthAgriculture productivity.Biodiversity and ecosystem management© Paula West, Australiaoperational and managerial skills; and strengthening educationand training. This will require sufficient financial investmentand cooperation with developed countries and internationalorganizations. Engineer testing repairs onsteel pile.Issues and challenges in each one of these five areas requiresstrong engineering participation and action needed to:■■adopt suitable procedures based upon the developmentcontext of a given region;design and implement appropriate projects for assuringsustainable development; and■ ensure established standards of quality for implementationand operation.The main issues and challenges relevant to engineering contributionsto sustainable development are given in the boxbelow, set out according to WEHAB action areas:Special consideration is to be given in developing countriesto: building human capacity and knowledge; increasing use oftechnologies that are appropriate to the context; improvingNotes on issues and challenges table■ Options to solve problems related to sustainable developmentcannot be selected on the basis of doctrine or ideology.Scientifically-sound and thoroughly-engineered solutions areneeded to address sustainability matters of a technical nature.Decision-makers must be mindful of the need to analysethe feasibility and the technological availability of proposedoptions.■■A prime responsibility of the engineering profession isdetermining the feasibility of technological, economic andenvironmental factors of a given option and then recommendingthe most suitable one to decision-makers.Sustainable development solutions applied in developedcountries are not necessarily adequate for developing ones.Solutions need to be context-specific for them to be feasibleunder the prevailing conditions in the given country or region.261
ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENTISSUES• Awareness of quality and quality features, and the importance of efficient water use and waterconservation should be conveyed to all elements of the population. This will lead to more efficientwater demand patterns and improve water resource management across all sectors, especially in theagriculture sector.CHALLENGES• Implement appropriate low-cost and environmentally sustainable water-use and supplytechnologies, and develop capacities in areas of water desalination, treatment of contaminants,rainwater harvesting and efficient water use. This should be achieved through technologytransfers, capacity building and the sharing of best practices.Water and sanitation• Irrigation projects that improve food production should be promoted. Subject to health andenvironmental standards and regulations, use of greywater should be encouraged for certain irrigationor industrial purposes.• Technology transfer on potable-water production and treatment, sanitation, wastewatertreatment, effluent water reuse and residuals management is required, particularly in developingcountries. In rural areas, on-site sanitation infrastructure represents a crucial contributor toward waterresource-management and the safety, and security of potable water supply.• Assess the impact of natural disasters, climate change and climate variability on surface andgroundwater resources, water supply, and sanitation, implement monitoring and early warningsystems, and identify relevant mitigation and adaptive technologies.• Strengthen regulations and policies that dictate the prevention of pollution resulting fromwastewater discharges, solid-waste disposal, and industrial and agricultural activities.• Protect the ecosystems and acknowledge their critical role. Rehabilitate catchment areas bymanaging and regulating water flows, and improving water quality.• Develop low-cost and efficient drinking-water and wastewater treatment technologies,including for water quality and reuse.• Ensure effective human capacity and knowledge capability for building, operating andmaintaining sanitation and sewer systems.• Energy-supply planning should consider all sources of energy based on mature and feasibletechnologies, while ensuring acceptable discharge limit (GHG) emissions. Development of carbonsequestrationschemes requires urgent implementation.• Make access to reliable and affordable energy services available to all, with particularattention to the rural and urban poor.Energy• The optimal energy mix for any country depends on its available natural resource bases,population distribution, growth of energy demand, and the status of its technical and economiccapability.• Develop and use advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technologies. Develop other clean energysources to decrease dependence on fossil fuels.• Unattainable patterns of consumption – especially in the transportation sector –need to bechanged to assure energy efficiency.• Health risks from environmental pollution must be dramatically reduced and, in particular, indoorairpollution from burning biomass in confined spaces must be eliminated. In the transportationsector in developing countries, lead and sulfur must be phased out from use in gasoline.• Improve energy efficiency in households, the transport sector and industry.• Innovative bio-fuel technologies can make crucial contributions to decreased dependenceon fossil fuels for transportation and to lowering GHG emissions.• Minimise the human impacts of mining, and address safe and sustainable livelihoodopportunities in small-scale mining ventures.Health• Pollution in agriculture should be reduced with the application of new waste treatment andmanagement technologies.• Thoroughly implement technologies to prevent or contain marine pollution.• Adequate treatment, disinfection, and proper operation and maintenance procedures are to beused to prevent waterborne diseases from entering the distribution system.• Substantially reduce burning low-quality biomass in confined spaces. Thoroughly implementlow-cost and efficient ventilation technologies for uses in the poorer communities.Agriculture productivity• Sustainable agriculture and rural development need to be expanded to increase food production,to enhance food security and to reduce hunger.• There is urgent need to implement programs to prevent land degradation and erosion, and toimprove soil fertility and agricultural pest controls.• Specific technologies to allow development of small-scale aquaculture and sustainable coastal andsmall-scale fishing activities, mainly in small island states, will require international support.• Increase public and private finance for sustainable agriculture and agricultural research.• Require policies for sustainable management of land and other agricultural resources indeveloping countries.Biodiversity and ecosystem management• National development policies should give high priority to technical and financial support todeveloping countries for conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. This should occurwhile ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilisation of genetic resources.• A significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biological diversity is required, along withstrengthened control of invasive alien species.• Marine environmental protection needs to be strengthened and a network of marine protectedareas should be implemented worldwide. The ecosystem approach in fisheries and in marinebiological diversity should be broadly applied.• The protection of ecologically sensitive areas and natural heritage requires a special worldwidetreatment.• Carry out application and development of the ecosystem approach for biodiversitymanagement.• Require Environmental Impact Analysis and Project Life Cycle Planning for minedevelopment before starting extraction of mineral resources.• Provide financial and technical capacity to improve value-added processing, to upgradescientific and technological information, and to reclaim and rehabilitate degraded sites.• Transfer of marine science and technology to maintain or restore depleted fish stocks tolevels of sustainable yield.• Support natural resources management, including addressing environmental economic and socialimpacts of mining operations, is essential.262
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UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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This landmark report on engineering
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Executive SummaryAn agenda for engi
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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
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Introductionto the Report
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1What is Engineering?
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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5Engineering around the world
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDnationa
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICESKevin WallDr Kevin Wall i
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APPENDICESIAAMRHIACETICCICEICIDICSU
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APPENDICES212, 213, 214, 215, 217,
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