Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT‘Our discipline has at times struggled to understand its place– environmental engineering must move on from simplybeing a practice area that cleans up the output of other engineeringdisciplines. It must embrace a deeper understandingof the systems of the earth and the interaction of those systemswith the manufactured or built form. Only then can itbuild a respected body of knowledge and become a practicearea truly independent of other engineering disciplines.’ 3Adjunct Professor David Hood, the Institution of Engineers Australia’s College ofEnvironmental Engineers, 2009 Chairman.With this in mind, as the education sector mobilizes to prepareall engineering graduates for sustainable engineering, environmentalengineering can play a key role in the transition andthereafter. As one of the newer disciplines, it will be increasinglycalled upon to assist all other engineering disciplines tounderstand how to deliver sustainable engineering solutions.4.2.6 Agricultural engineeringIrenilza de Alencar Nääs andTakaaki MaekawaAgriculture has a very long history. Evidence of agriculturalengineering can be found in ancient civilizations with toolsand technologies such as ploughs, grain storage and irrigation.Modern agricultural engineering, as we know it today, beganto grow after the 1930s. At the time, it played only a marginalrole in Europe though with variations from country to country.Various machines had been developed and improved for agriculturaluse in the course of the proceeding century – feedingthe growth of urban populations. However, despite the importanceof agricultural engineering for this primary sector, developmentof the profession was still slow and limited in scope.The design of agricultural machines and buildings was basedon skills and accumulated experience rather than coordinatedscientific research. The same applies to post-harvesting technologiesand greenhouses as well as ergonomics, safety andlabour organization. Environmental protection and sustainablelanduse did not become subjects of scientific researchuntil much later.To address these issues and to foster international cooperationof researchers and combine cooperation with a concernfor improved working conditions in farming and rural activities,the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering(CIGR) was founded in 1930. 4 The technical problems in theThe International Commission of AgriculturalEngineering (Commission Internationale du GénieRural - CIGR)CIGR technical sectionsSection 1. Land and water engineering: engineering applied to thescience of soil and water management.Section 2. Farm buildings, equipment, structures and environment:optimization and design of animals, crops and horticultural buildingsand related equipment, climate control and environmentalprotection, farm planning and waste management.Section 3. Equipment engineering for plants: farm machinery andmechanization, forestry mechanization, sensing and artificial intelligence,modeling and information systems and the application ofadvanced physics.Section 4. Rural electricity and other energy sources: application ofelectricity and electro technology to agriculture, the rationalizationof energy consumption, use of renewable energy sources and relatedtechnologies, and automation and control systems.Section 5. Management, ergonomics and systems engineering: farmmanagement, working methods and systems, labour and work planning,optimization, human health, ergonomics and safety of workers,rural sociology and systems engineering.Section 6. Post-harvest technology and process engineering: physicalproperties of raw (food and non-food) materials, quality of finalproducts, processing technologies, and processing managementand engineering.Section 7. Information systems: the mission of this section is toadvance the use of information and communication systems inagriculture.CIGR Working Groups1. Earth Observation for Land and Water Engineering WorkingGroup.2. Animal Housing in Hot Climates Working Group.3. Rural Development and the Preservation of Cultural HeritagesWorking Group.4. Cattle Housing Working Group.5. Water Management & Information Systems Working Group .6. Agricultural Engineering University Curricula HarmonizationWorking Group.7. Image Analyses for Advanced Grading and Monitoring in AgriculturalProcesses.8. Rural Landscape Protection and Valorization.realm of agricultural engineering were few and relatively simple,and research was focus on agricultural tools. Over time,farm machinery, adapted mechanics, machine testing and3 Hood, D. Personal communication with the authors, 16 February 2009.4 CIGR was founded in 1930 at Liège in Belgium at the first International Congress ofAgricultural Engineering. It is a worldwide network involving regional and multinationalassociations, societies, corporations and individuals working in science andtechnology and contributing to the different fields of agricultural engineering. It supportsnumerous free activities carried out by management and individual specialistgroups, agricultural societies and union bodies in each country. CIGR is allied withinternational bodies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) and the United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO).For more information, go to: http:// www.cigr.org.132
AN OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERING© CIGRstandardization became major subjects while scientific labourorganization strongly accentuated attitude, living and healthconditions in all human work.After the catastrophe of the Second World War, agriculturewas one area in which an immense rebuilding effort was necessary.Demography was seriously affected, distorted economieshad to be re-orientated and societies had to sprout again.Farm materials and equipment had to be rebuilt, renewed oreven created. It was necessary to provide for the populationsneeds as fast as possible and agricultural engineering enabledagriculture – the bedrock of the recovering economies. Fromthe end of the 1950s, once the problems of the post-war periodhad concluded, the profession experienced considerable andunexpected growth.The main concerns of today’s agricultural engineers are bestunderstood by looking at the technical sections and currentworking groups of the CIGR. In terms of education, the scopeof agricultural engineering means that it is now, in many cases,taught under the headings of the other branches of engineering– notably environmental engineering.Looking into the future, the human race is confronted bymany problems as a result of its own activity, such as the disturbanceof ecosystems, population growth, the depletion ofresources and environmental decay. Our challenge is to useour knowledge and innovation to overcome these problems inthe context of a changing climate and environment in order tomeet some of the fundamental needs of life: enough food toeat and enough water to drink for everyone.Overview of CIGRThe International Commission of Agricultural Engineering(CIGR) brings together specialists to contribute to the progressof the human race and the efficient use of resources throughthe formation of systems for sustainability, land management,farming, food production and similar. Participants of CIGR WorldCongress 2006 in front of theUniversity of Bonn building.4.2.7J. P. WoodcockMedical EngineeringThe purpose of medical technology is to provide accuratediagnoses and treatment and, in the case of rehabilitation, tohelp individuals achieve ordinary day-to-day tasks so that theycan play a full role in society.Medical technology in developing countriesAccording to a report from the World Health Organization(WHO), around 95 per cent of medical technology in developingcountries is imported and 50 per cent of the equipment isnot in use. The main reasons for this are lack of maintenancedue to the lack of suitable training on the use of the equipmentand the fact that much of the equipment is too sophisticatedfor the real needs of the population 1 . Bearing in mindthese drawbacks to the delivery of healthcare to developingcountries, the potential role of information and communicationtechnologies holds promise for the provision of adequatesupport and training. However, underlying all of this is the factthat, whereas the United States spends US$5,274 per capita onhealthcare, most developing countries are only able to spendless than US$100. 5Major problems for developing countries lie in the high initialand running costs, the remoteness of the manufacturers, thefact that much of the latest equipment is controlled by microprocessorsand that the equipment is not designed to operateunder a wide range of climatic conditions. 6Much of the technology made available involves disposableitems such as special gels for electrodes and ultrasound gelto achieve proper contact with the skin during ultrasoundexaminations. These are initially sterile, but quickly become5 Nkuma-Udah K.I., and Mazi E.A. 2007. Developing Biomedical Engineering in Africa: ACase for Nigeria, IFMBE Proceedings, 14 June 2007, International Federation for Medicaland Biological Engineering.6 Rabbani, K.S. 1995. Local Development of Bio-Medical Technology – a Must for theThird World. Proceedings of RC IEEE-EMBS & 14th BMESI, 1.31–1.32.133
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UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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This landmark report on engineering
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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
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Introductionto the Report
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1What is Engineering?
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?1.2 Engineers,
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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5Engineering around the world
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICES9.3List of acronyms abbre
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