ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENTTable 4: Female Students as a % of All Enrolled Students in Tertiary-Level “<strong>Engineering</strong>”* Education, 1999-2006 - World1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Europe (OECD/Eurostat)Austria ... 18,6 ... ... 19,8 20,6 20,7 21,3Belgium ... 18,4 18,5 20,5 20,2 22,8 21,0 24,2Bulgaria 40,1 38,5 36,9 34,6 33,9 32,2 32,0 31,8Croatia 27,3 ... 24,9 25,7 24,9 ... 24,7 25,4Cyprus 22,7 11,0 7,8 7,5 7,7 10,1 12,9 14,0Czech Republic 19,5 25,9 25,8 21,0 20,7 20,3 21,2 ...Denmark 29,2 28,0 26,2 30,9 32,7 33,6 33,1 32,9Estonia 26,7 26,8 28,1 29,0 27,8 26,9 27,5 27,2Finl<strong>and</strong> 17,4 17,8 18,2 18,8 18,6 18,5 18,7 18,8France ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23,4Germany 17,9 18,4 18,8 18,9 18,9 18,9 ... 18,2Greece ... ... ... 27,0 ... 28,1 27,7 23,6Hungary 20,7 ... 20,1 21,5 20,2 18,6 19,1 18,7Icel<strong>and</strong> 21,3 22,7 25,7 26,3 28,0 31,1 31,3 32,0Irel<strong>and</strong> 17,3 17,8 18,7 17,9 17,9 16,7 16,3 16,4Israel 26,6 24,5 26,9 29,1 22,6 27,1 26,8 27,2Italy 25,8 26,3 26,5 26,4 26,7 27,1 27,7 28,3Latvia 24,2 26,7 24,9 22,8 21,5 20,9 21,4 20,8Lithuania 32,6 31,3 30,6 29,3 28,1 27,8 26,0 25,2Luxembourg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Malta 22,5 23,1 23,3 27,6 27,6 26,9 28,4 ...Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 12,3 12,1 11,9 11,9 11,7 13,5 13,5 15,0Norway 25,3 24,9 24,0 23,6 24,1 23,8 24,1 ...Pol<strong>and</strong> 20,6 20,8 21,7 22,2 22,1 22,5 25,6 27,1Portugal ... 29,5 ... 27,1 26,8 26,7 26,0 25,7Romania 24,2 25,4 26,6 27,8 29,3 30,2 29,3 29,7Russian Federation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Slovakia 27,9 26,2 27,1 28,6 28,6 28,7 28,0 28,5Slovenia 24,5 25,0 24,7 24,5 23,2 23,7 24,1 24,1Spain 25,3 25,4 25,5 26,6 27,3 27,7 27,8 28,0Sweden 27,1 28,3 29,3 29,2 28,8 28,2 28,0 27,8Switzerl<strong>and</strong> 10,7 11,7 12,7 13,1 13,5 13,9 14,2 14,5Turkey ... ... 21,7 21,7 18,6 18,9 18,2 18,6United Kingdom 17,3 17,7 16,6 15,9 18,6 18,9 19,1 19,8Other OECD (outside Europe)Australia 17,8 18,4 18,6 19,9 20,1 20,7 20,9 21,0New Zeal<strong>and</strong> 28,4 29,5 26,6 32,0 28,3 22,8 23,3 25,2Canada 20,3 ... ... 20,9 ... ... ... ...Mexico 21,5 22,2 22,3 23,3 23,9 26,9 24,5 24,6100
AN OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERING1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006United States ... ... ... ... ... ... 16,2 16,2Japan 10,8 11,0 11,3 11,6 11,9 11,9 11,9 11,7Rep. of Korea 18,2 17,8 16,8 17,5 18,3 16,1 16,2 16,1Western Europe n.e.cAndorra ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Gibralter ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Holy See ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Liechtenstein ... ... ... ... 28,8 28,9 31,1 ...Monaco ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...San Marino ... 25,5 ... ... ... ... ... ...Central <strong>and</strong> Eastern Europe n.e.c.Albania ... 23,1 24,0 ... 25,5 26,3 ... ...Belarus ... ... ... ... ... ... 28,9 29,2Bosnia <strong>and</strong> Herzegovina ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Montenegro ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Rep. of Moldova ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Serbia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Rep. of Macedonia 28,0 28,2 28,5 28,2 29,0 31,6 31,7 ...Ukraine ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Arab StatesAlgeria ... ... ... ... ... 30,9 31,1 31,3Bahrain ... ... ... ... 24,5 ... 22,6 21,1Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... 25,0 ... 21,1Egypt ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Iraq ... 22,2 ... ... ... 18,8 ... ...Jordan ... ... ... ... 30,3 30,3 24,5 26,5Kuwait ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Lebanon ... 22,8 20,0 20,4 21,4 22,5 19,6 20,6Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Morocco 23,7 22,7 34,4 ... 22,3 23,4 23,9 27,1Oman ... ... ... ... ... ... 20,1 ...Palestinian Aut. Terr. 25,4 23,9 25,4 30,2 35,5 31,4 ... 27,7Qatar ... ... ... ... 16,0 15,7 ... ...Saudi Arabia ... 0,6 ... ... 0,8 18,1 15,3 ...Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Syrian Arab Rep. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tunisia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...United Arab Emirates ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Yemen ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...101
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Introductionto the Report
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1What is Engineering?
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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5Engineering around the world
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ENGINEERING AROUND THE WORLDnationa
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7Engineering Capacity:Education, Tr
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICES212, 213, 214, 215, 217,