Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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3 Foreword5 Preface6 Executive Summary7 Statements9 Acknowledgements15 Introduction to the Reportport23 1 What is Engineering?24 1.1 What engineering is, what engineers do27 1.2 Engineers, technologists and technicians29 2 Engineering and Human Development30 2.1 History of engineering; engineering atUNESCO30 2.1.1 A very short history of engineering32 2.1.2 Engineering at UNESCO39 2.2 Engineering, innovation, social andeconomic development43 2.3 Engineering, technology and society44 2.4 Engineers and social responsibility44 2.4.1 The big issues47 2.4.2 Engineering Social Responsibility50 2.4.3 Corporate Social Responsibility53 3 Engineering: Emerging Issues and Challenges54 3.1 Engineering, foresight and forecasts of thefuture56 3.2 Emerging and future areas of engineering59 3.3 A changing climate and engineers of thefuture63 3.4 The engineering message – getting itacross65 3.5 Engineering and technology in the thirdmillennium69 4 An Overview of Engineering70 4.1 Engineering indicators – measurementand metrics71 4.1.1 The need for science and technologydata and indicators71 4.1.2 The statistical dilemma: What isengineering? Who is an engineer?71 4.1.3 The OECD Frascati Manual onthe measurement of research anddevelopment resources74 4.1.4 UNESCO statistics and indicatorsin Science & Technology, Research& Development74 4.1.5 The OECD/Eurostat CanberraManual on the measurement ofstocks and flows of S&T personnel76 4.1.6 The international study of careers ofdoctorate holders79 4.1.7 Statistics and an analysis of engineersin education and employment82 4.1.8 Engineering indicators – Tables124 4.2 Fields of engineering124 4.2.1 Civil engineering125 4.2.2 Mechanical engineering127 4.2.3 Electrical and Electronic engineering128 4.2.4 Chemical engineering131 4.2.5 Environmental engineering132 4.2.6 Agricultural engineering133 4.2.7 Medical Engineering135 4.3 The engineering profession and itsorganization135 4.3.1 An introduction to the organizationof the profession137 4.3.2 International cooperation138 4.3.3 The World Federation of EngineeringOrganizations (WFEO)139 4.3.4 International Council of Academiesof Engineering and TechnologicalSciences (CAETS)140 4.3.5 International Federation ofConsulting Engineers (FIDIC)144 4.3.6 European Federation of NationalEngineering Associations (FEANI)146 4.3.7 Federation of Engineering Institutionsof Asia and the Pacific (FEIAP)147 4.3.8 Association for EngineeringEducation in Southeast and East Asiaand the Pacific (AEESEAP)149 4.3.9 Asian and Pacific Centre for Transferof Technology (APCTT)150 4.3.10 The African Network of Scientific andTechnological Institutions (ANSTI)Contents11
ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT151 4.3.11 The Africa Engineers Forum and AEFProtocol of Understanding152 4.3.12 International Federation ofEngineering Education Societies(IFEES)154 4.4 Engineering International DevelopmentOrganizations154 4.4.1 Practical Action - and the changingface of technology in internationaldevelopment159 4.4.2 Engineers Without Borders164 4.4.3 Engineers Against Poverty166 4.4.4 Engineers for a Sustainable World167 4.5 Engineering studies, science andtechnology and public policy167 4.5.1 Engineering studies171 4.5.2 Engineering, science and technologypolicy175 4.5.3 Engineers in government and publicpolicy178 4.5.4 Transformation of national scienceand engineering systems178 4.5.4.1 New Zealand181 4.5.4.2 South Africa184 4.6 Engineering ethics and anti-corruption184 4.6.1 Engineering ethics: overview186 4.6.2 Engineering ethics: further discussion189 4.6.3 WFEO Model Code of Ethics192 4.6.4 Engineers against corruptionPreventing corruption inthe infrastructure sector – What canengineers do?195 4.6.5 Business Integrity ManagementSystems in the consulting engineeringindustry196 4.7 Women and gender issues in engineering196 4.7.1 Women in engineering: Genderdynamics and engineering – howto attract and retain womenin engineering199 4.7.2 Women in engineering: The nextsteps200 4.7.3 Women and gender issuesin engineering: an Australianperspective205 5 Engineering around the world206 5.1 Introductory overview208 5.2 Regional perspectives on engineering213 5.3 Country perspectives213 5.3.1 Africa218 5.3.2 Arab States221 5.3.3 Asia and Pacific229 5.3.4 Europe236 5.3.5 The Americas and Caribbean247 6 Engineering for Development: Applicationsand Infrastructure250 6.1 Engineering, the MDGs and otherinternational development goals250 6.1.1 Engineering and the MillenniumDevelopment Goals255 6.1.2 Poverty reduction256 6.1.3 Poverty reduction: case study ofinfrastructure in South Africa258 6.1.4 Sustainable development261 6.1.5 Sustainable Development and theWEHAB Agenda263 6.1.6 Sustainable development andstandards: the construction industry264 6.1.7 MDGs and standards266 6.1.8 Climate change: technology,mitigation, adaptation272 6.1.9 Disaster risk reduction275 6.1.10 Engineering in emergencies277 6.1.11 Appropriate technology279 6.1.12 Appropriate technology: case studyon building technologies283 6.2 Engineering infrastructure283 6.2.1 Water supply and sanitation288 6.2.2 Environmental health289 6.2.3 Energy292 6.2.4 Transportation294 6.2.5 Communications12
Page 2 and 3: UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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5Engineering around the world
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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