Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT■■■to promote cooperation between industry and educatorson a national and international basis;to assist existing national societies of engineers and engineeringtechnicians and groups of educators of engineersand engineering technicians in their efforts to improve engineeringeducation; andto assist in the establishment of societies or groups of engineeringtechnicians for this purpose where they do notalready exist.The membership of AEESEAPAEESEAP has a comprehensive range of membership classes.These are as follows: Voting Members, Ordinary Members,Individual Members, Supporting Members, CorrespondentMembers, Honorary Members and Subscribing Library Members.Voting members are key to the operation of the Associationas the representatives of the voting members also formthe AEESEAP Executive Committee and thus act as the boardof the Association. The voting members are drawn from fifteencountries in the region. Sadly, some of the voting membershave not been in active membership for some time and arein arrears with their subscriptions. A continuing problem inthis context is that the individuals who are the nominated representativesof the voting members often change and it hasproved difficult to contact the responsible persons, notingthat the voting members are institutions or agencies and notindividuals. A determined effort is now underway to overcomethis problem and to restore the membership base such that anemphasis will be placed on rebuilding the base of committedvoting members as national representatives.Recent activitiesThe AEESEAP secretariat and presidency is rotated betweenfifteen member countries at three-year intervals and is currentlylocated in New Zealand, the last handover having takenplace early this year in February 2007. Prior locations werethe Philippines followed by Indonesia and then Malaysia. Themost recent handover took place in Kuala Lumpur in Februaryin association with an AEESEAP Regional Symposium onEngineering Education with the theme ‘New Strategies in EngineeringEducation’. Over fifty papers were presented at thesymposium with two thirds on matters of curriculum designand delivery and one third on technological themes. In additionto the curriculum and technical papers, the traditionalcountry reports on the state of engineering education in thecountries of the voting members were presented.Consideration of the patterns that have been emerging forsome time and the events briefly detailed above led to the conclusionthat the presence of the AEESEAP secretariat typicallyleads to activities appropriate to a national or local regionalassociation where one does not exist or is inactive. Here itmust be made very clear that in presenting this analysis, nocriticism is implied or intended of the recent AEESEAP officebearers from Malaysia or before them, Indonesia. What hasbecome clear is that although the aims and goals of AEESEAPremain relevant to the region, the activities that gain supportin pursuit of these goals have changed.Thirty-five years of dynamic change in the regionAs the economies of the nations in the region served by AEE-SEAP change from underdeveloped to developing and then todeveloped or mature, a corresponding change occurs in engineeringeducation and accreditation systems – though this isobserved to be somewhat ad hoc. Since AEESEAP was established,international engineering accreditation systems have alsobeen developed. Such systems are most fully developed andapplied at the level of professional degrees, usually four year,accredited through for example the Washington Accord. Thisaccord was established in 1983 with AEESEAP nations Australiaand New Zealand as two of the original signatories. Currently, ofAEESEAP members, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea andSingapore are full signatories of the Washington Accord, withMalaysia a provisional member and several nations in the regioncurrently working towards provisional membership as a steptowards full membership. The Washington Accord is essentiallya system for accrediting national accreditation systems andsubsequently for mutual recognition of accreditation decisionsmade by the national bodies at the institution, usually universityand degree major level. In recent years, similar systems havebeen developed for engineering technician degrees through theSydney Accord, and for technician diplomas through the DublinAccord. Once nations have achieved membership of theseaccords, many of the aims of AEESEAP are seen to have beenachieved, at least on a national basis.Future directions for AEESEAPFor AEESEAP to survive and to play a useful role in the region,consideration must be given to the factors discussed abovewhich are: the rapid industrialization and surge to prosperity ofseveral AEESEAP nations, the development of national societiesdevoted to engineering education, the increasing involvement ofthe AEESEAP Members and Potential Members in internationalaccreditation agreements and, not discussed but of importancehere, the increasing internationalization in scope and view oftrans-global learned societies including IEEE and IET (formallyIEE). Consideration of these factors leads to the suggestion thatthe future role of AEESEAP may be to act as a regional forumfor national engineering societies and as a source of advice andexpertise to nations as they seek to develop engineering educationand the related accreditation systems.ConclusionsIn the thirty-five years of its existence, AEESEAP has played auseful role in the region served through both the developmentof international personal networks and the provision of con-148
AN OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERINGferences. These conferences have been valuable as a forum forthe sharing of best and evolving practice. At the present timethe future of AEESEAP is under discussion because a numberof the Voting Members have ceased to be active in the associationand the AEESEAP conferences have developed a localrather than international emphasis. The key factors leading tothese changes have been identified and two key and relatedroles for AEESEAP have been proposed and are under discussion.The future role of AEESEAP may be to act as a regionalforum for national engineering societies and as a source ofadvice and expertise to nations as they seek to develop theirengineering education and the related accreditation systems.4.3.9Asian and Pacific Centrefor Transfer of Technology(APCTT)Krishnamurthy RamanathanInterest in setting up an Asia-Pacific mechanism to fostertechnology transfer was expressed as early as 1965 at the firstAsian Congress on Industrialization in Manila. Subsequently,through resolutions passed at the Commission Sessions of theUnited Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia andthe Pacific (UNESCAP), the Regional Centre for TechnologyTransfer (RCTT) was established in Bangalore in India on 16July 1977 with the Government of India offering host facilitiesfor the Centre. In 1985, the Centre was renamed the Asian andPacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT). APCTT wasrelocated from Bangalore to New Delhi, with the support ofthe Government of India on 1 July 1993. APCTT has the statusof a subsidiary body of UNESCAP and its membership is identicalto the membership of UNESCAP.APCTT is widely regarded as the first technology and engineeringbody for technology capacity-building in the Asia-Pacificregion. Its objectives are to assist the members and associatemembers of UNESCAP by: strengthening their capabilities todevelop and manage national innovation systems; develop,transfer, adapt and apply technology; improve the terms oftransfer of technology; and identify and promote the developmentand transfer of technologies relevant to the region.During its initial phase (1977–1984) of operation, APCTTfunctioned as a Technology Information Centre. From 1985 to1989, the Centre broadened the scope of its technology transferactivities to other areas such as technology utilization andtechnology management.In an effort to create awareness among policy-makers in thedeveloping countries on the importance of technology innational development, APCTT published books and monographson the management of technology transfer, technologydevelopment, industrial research, and similar. For example, in1985, with financial assistance from UNDP, APCTT prepareda series of country studies and a regional report on technologypolicies and planning in selected countries. The commonissues thus identified were then summarized in another publication,Technology Policy and Planning – Regional Report,which provided cross-country analysis and the policy-relatedimplications thereof for the different countries of the region.On the basis of the lessons and experiences gained from theactivities outlined above, APCTT prepared a Reference Manualon Technology Policies that provided the general frameworkand setting for technology policy formulation. Another example,the Technology Atlas Project of 1986–1989, funded by theGovernment of Japan, was to help technology planners avoidthe pitfalls of a fragmented and uncoordinated approach totechnology-based development.APCTT’s technology utilization programme was aimed atlinking potential users to the suppliers of relevant technologiesthrough technology expositions, missions, workshopsand individual syndication. The emphasis was on the promotion,transfer and utilization of selected, commercially viabletechnologies in identified priority sectors such as agro-basedindustries, low-cost construction, renewable energy, energyconservation, biotechnology and microelectronics. Thesetechnology transfer activities were refined during 1989 tofocus increasingly on technology capacity-building at institutionaland enterprise levels. In the 1990s, APCTT’s programmewas directed at small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs)and the promotion of environmentally sound technologies.Emphasis was placed on more effective and efficient accessto information on technology transfer and its disseminationthrough linkages and networking. With the support from theGovernment of Germany through GTZ (1993–2002), the Centrefocused increasingly on technological upgradation of SMEsand the promotion of R&D and enterprises cooperation. Inthis context, as an example, the Technology Bureau for SmallEnterprises (TBSE) evolved as a joint venture between APCTTwith the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)to assist SMEs in finance and technology syndication.APCTT started deploying web-based tools to strengthenits technology transfer services in cooperation with otherpartner institutions in the region such as the twin websiteshttp://www.technology4sme.net and http://www.businessasia.netin cooperation with other partner institutions inthe region as a comprehensive, online and free technologymarket business service for SMEs. The http://www.technology4sme.netwebsite, with its database of technology offersand requests, facilitates effective communication and interactionamong buyers and sellers of technology. Both websitescontain a wide range of information for use by entrepreneurs,investors, technologists, business development experts andpolicy-makers. Over fourteen countries in the region are atvarious stages of duplicating this type of technology trans-149
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UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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This landmark report on engineering
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Executive SummaryAn agenda for engi
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ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND
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Introductionto the Report
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INTRODUCTION© GFDL - Wikimedia - L
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1What is Engineering?
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?1.2 Engineers,
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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5Engineering around the world
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7Engineering Capacity:Education, Tr
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICES9.2Biographies of Contrib
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICESous career in higher educ
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APPENDICES2002 and has led the deve
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APPENDICESity engineering, and form
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APPENDICESKevin WallDr Kevin Wall i
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APPENDICES9.3List of acronyms abbre
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APPENDICESIAAMRHIACETICCICEICIDICSU
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APPENDICESUNCSTDUNCTADUNDPUNEPUNESC
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