Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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ENGINEERING FOR DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTUREStimulus Packages: Infrastructure Component (continuation)Country Instrument Date Total InfrastructureChina Announcement 10 Nov 08 US$ 600 billion US$ 540 billionChina,Hong KongUS$ 7.2 billionChina, Taipei US$ 1.8 billionEgypt Dec 08 US$ 2.7 billionFrance US$ 32.8 billion US$ 13.2 billionGermany1st and 2nd StimulusPackagesDec 08 - Jan 09 US$ 64.3 billion US$ 17.6 billionHungary US$ 6.5 billionIndia 7 Dec 08 and2 Jan 09US$ 60 billionUS$ 33.5 billionIsrael Nov 08 US$ 5.7 billion US$ 2.9 billionItaly US$ 101 billion US$ 20.9 billionJapan Aug - Dec 08(3 packages)US$ 133 billionKorea Nov 08 US$ 11 billion US$ 7.8 billionMalaysia 4 Nov 08 US$ 1.9 billion US$ 0.9 billionNetherlands US$ 7.6 billionPeru 8 Dec 08 US$ 3.3 billionPortugal US$ 8.3 billionRussia USD 12.7 billion US$ 20 billionSingapore Announcement 23 Jan 09 US$ 14.9 billion US$ 3.2 billionSpain US$ 47.9 billion US$ 11.3 billionSweden Announcement 5 Dec 08 US$ 1.1 billion US$ 0.1 billionSwitzerland Government approved US$ 0.8 billionThailand Government approved 16 Jan 09 US$ 3.6 billionUK Announcement Nov 08 US$ 30 billionUSAAmerican Recoveryand Reinvestment Actdraft15 Jan 09 US$ 550 billion US$ 180 billionVietnam US$ 6.0 billion US$ 3.0 billion249
ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENTThe demand for consulting engineering servicesInvestment in infrastructure is equivalent to an increase inGross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). GFCF measures thevalue of additions to fixed assets purchased by business,government and households less disposals of fixed assetssold off or scrapped. So it is a measure of the net new investmentin fixed capital assets. Its aim is to measure the valueof net additions to fixed capital stock, but somewhat confusingly,GFCF is called ‘gross’ because it does not includethe depreciation of assets. FIDIC uses national estimates ofGFCF to estimate the demand for consulting engineeringservices (see article PDF and FIDIC Annual Survey). Usingthe same methodolgy, the stimulus packages summarizedabove translate to an additional demand of some USD 20billion in services.6.1Engineering, the MDGs and other internationaldevelopment goals6.1.1Engineering and theMillennium DevelopmentGoalsJo da Silva and Susan ThomasWe will have time to reach the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs – a set of targets to reduce global poverty and improveliving standards by 2015) worldwide and in most, or even all,individual countries, but only if we break with business asusual. Success will require sustained action between now andthe deadline of 2015. It takes time to train the teachers, nursesand engineers; to build the roads, schools and hospitals; andto grow the small and large businesses able to create the jobsand income needed. So we must start now. And we must morethan double global development assistance over the next fewyears. Nothing less will help to achieve the goals.The role of engineering is vital in meeting the MDGs. The contextof this for Arup is our Drivers of Change initiative, whichincludes research on poverty and other topics directly relatedto the Millennium Development Goals. As an example of howengineers can be proactive, British engineering firm Arup hasestablished an International Development team. The work ofthis team responds to the Millennium Development Goals byseeking to maximize the long-term benefits of investment indeveloping countries so as to reduce poverty and vulnerability,whilst also minimizing environmental impacts.The role of engineeringCommunity infrastructure is key to alleviating poverty andthus engineers have a vital role to play in all the MDGs. Withoutready access to clean water and sanitation, productivity isDrivers of changeSome five years ago, Arup began an investigation into the globalareas of influence that have been identified as most likely to havea major impact on society, on our business, and on the business ofour clients. The results of this research to date have been publishedin a series of cards that illustrate the social, technological, economic,environmental and political impacts of each driver. The topics publishedcomprise energy, waste, climate change, water, demographicsand urbanization. The topic selected for research in 2007 was povertyas a driver of change, and this reflects Arup’s mission to ‘shapea better world’. Globally, 2.4 billion people have no sanitation facilities;2.3 billion lack reliable sources of energy; and 1.2 billion do nothave safe drinking water. Addressing these deficiencies, and othersrelating to transport and communication, is essential if the MillenniumDevelopment Goals are to be achieved.severely reduced through illness and time spent in water collection.Without roads, the poor are unable to sell their goodsat market. Basic infrastructure is not a luxury that can wait forbetter economic times, but a precondition for creating them,and its provision is an urgent and ongoing requirement.The Table below shows the relationship between physicalinfrastructure and the MDGs, indicating the importance ofsocio-economic inputs.Historically, poverty alleviation strategies have focused ondirect intervention to provide facilities that are lacking. Investmentsby international lending agencies over the past two tothree decades have concentrated on solutions to deficienciesin infrastructure that are usually expensive, often with apparentlylimited thought to ongoing operation and maintenance.250
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UNESCO ReportEngineering:IssuesChal
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This landmark report on engineering
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Executive SummaryAn agenda for engi
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Introductionto the Report
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INTRODUCTION© GFDL - Wikimedia - L
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1What is Engineering?
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness o
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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?1.2 Engineers,
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2Engineering andHuman Development
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7Engineering Capacity:Education, Tr
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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APPENDICES9.2Biographies of Contrib
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APPENDICESopment of software for in
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APPENDICES2002 and has led the deve
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APPENDICESKevin WallDr Kevin Wall i
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APPENDICES9.3List of acronyms abbre
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