Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ...

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WHAT IS ENGINEERING?and awareness of new techniques and technologies – engineeringeducation also seeks to develop a logical, practical,problem-solving methodology and approach that includessoft social as well and technical skills. These include motivation,the ability to perform, rapid understanding, communicationand leadership under pressure, and social-technical skillsin training and mentoring.Engineering is one of the oldest professions, along with divinity,medicine and law. While the linear model has lead to theperception of engineers as applied scientists, this is a furtherdistortion of reality related to this model, as engineering is distinctfrom but related to science, and in fact predates sciencein the use of the scientific method – engineers were the firstscientists. This debate is, however, rather misleading anddiverts attention away from the need for a better public andpolicy understanding of the role of engineering and science inthe knowledge society and economy. Science and engineeringare essentially part of the same spectrum of activity and needto be recognized as such. Engineers use both scientific knowledgeand mathematics on the one hand to create technologiesand infrastructure to address human, social and economicissues, and challenges on the other. Engineers connect socialneeds with innovation and commercial applications. The relationshipamong science, technology and engineering can beroughly described as shown in the figure below.Fields of engineeringThere are a diverse and increasing range of areas, fields, disciplines,branches or specialities of engineering. These developedfrom civil, mechanical, chemical, electrical and electronicengineering, as knowledge developed and differentiated assubjects subdivided, merged or new subjects arose. The emergenceof new branches of engineering is usually indicated bythe establishment of new university departments, new professionalengineering organizations or new sections in existingorganizations.To illustrate the scope and diversity of engineering, it is usefulto conclude this section with a list of engineering branches 3illustrating various disciplines and sub-disciplines in engineering;an important presentation of the diversity of engineeringthat space dictates can only appear once in the Report.The list is intended to be illustrative rather than exhaustive ordefinitive, as descriptions and definitions differ from countryto country, often overlapping and changing over time. Furthersuggestions will, no doubt, be forthcoming.Agricultural engineering■ Engineering theory and applications in agriculture in suchfields as farm machinery, power, bioenergy, farm structuresand natural resource materials processing.3 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branchesChemical engineering■ Analysis, synthesis and conversion of raw materials intousable commodities.■ Biochemical engineering – biotechnological processes onan industrial scale.Civil engineering■ Design and construction of physical structures and infrastructure.■ Coastal engineering – design and construction of coastlinestructures.■ Construction engineering – design, creation and managementof constructed structures.■ Geo-engineering – proposed Earth climate control toaddress global warming.■ Geotechnical engineering – behaviour of earth materialsand geology.■ Municipal and public works engineering – for water supply,sanitation, waste management, transportation and communicationsystems, hydrology.■ Ocean engineering – design and construction of offshorestructures.■ Structural engineering – design of structures to support orresist loads.■ Earthquake engineering – behaviour of structures subjectto seismic loading.■transportationof people and goods.Transportation engineering – efficient and safe■ Traffic engineering – transportation and planning.■ Wind engineering – analysis of wind and its effects on thebuilt environment.Computer and systems engineering■Research, design and development of computer, computersystems and devices.Electrical engineering and electronic engineering■■ScienceTechnologyTheoriesToolsNeedsEngineeringNeedsResearch, design and development of electrical systems andelectronic devices.Power systems engineering – bringing electricity to peopleand industry.Resources andNeedsProducts andBenefitsSociety andNature25
ENGINEERING: ISSUES CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT■Signal processing – statistical analysis and production of signals,e.g. for mobile phones.■Biomechanical engineering – design of systems and devicessuch as artificial limbs Medical use of engineering.© UNESCOEnvironmental engineering■■Engineering for environmental protection and enhancement.Water engineering – planning and development of waterresources and hydrologyFire protection engineering■Protecting people and environments from fire and smoke.Mechatronics■Combination of mechanical, electrical and software engineeringfor automation systems.Medical and biomedical engineering■Increasing use of engineering and technology in medicineand the biological sciences in such areas as monitoring, artificiallimbs, medical robotics.Genetic engineering■Engineering at the biomolecular level for genetic manipulation.Industrial engineering■Analysis, design, development and maintenance of industrialsystems and processes.Instrumentation engineering■Design and development of instruments used to measureand control systems and processes.Integrated engineering■Generalist engineering field including civil, mechanical,electrical and chemical engineering.Maintenance engineering and asset management■ Maintenance of equipment, physical assets and infrastructure.Manufacturing engineering■ Research, design and planning of manufacturing systemsand processes.■ Component engineering – assuring availability of parts inmanufacturing processesMaterials engineering■■■Research, design, development and use of materials such asceramics and nanoparticles.Ceramic engineering – theory and processing of oxide andnon-oxide ceramics.Textile engineering – the manufacturing and processing offabricsMechanical engineering■■■Research, design and development of physical or mechanicalsystems such as engines.Automotive engineering – design and construction of terrestrialvehicles.Aerospace engineering – design of aircraft, spacecraft andair vehicles.Military engineering■ Design and development of weapons and defence systems.Mining engineering■Exploration, extraction and processing of raw materialsfrom the earth.Naval engineering and architecture■Research, design, construction and repair of marine vessels.Nanotechnology and nanoengineering■New branch of engineering on the nanoscale.Nuclear engineering■Research, design and development of nuclear processes andtechnology.Production engineering■Research and design of production systems and processesrelated to manufacturing engineering.Software engineering■Research, design and development of computer softwaresystems and programming.Sustainable engineering■Developing branch of engineering focusing on sustainabilityand climate change mitigation.Test Engineering■Engineering validation and verification of design, productionand use of objects under test.Transport Engineering■Engineering relating to roads, railways, waterways, ports,harbours, airports, gas transmission and distribution, pipelinesand so on, and associated works.Tribology■ Study of interacting surfaces in relative motion includingfriction, lubrication and wear.26
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5Engineering around the world
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APPENDICES9.1Engineering at UNESCO
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