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216 M.Y. Qadri, D. Matichard, and K.D. McDonald Maier Fig. 6. Application execution time Fig. 7. Missed Deadlines analyze the impact of threading on a particular platform and could be helpful in the process to decide optimal number of cores as well as OS scheduling characterization. To validate the phenomenon of performance degradation with an increase in number of threads, a more detailed analysis of the benchmark based on an Intel Dual Core machine [18] was carried out (see Fig. 8). The benchmark is executed for up to 8 threads and processing speedup was calculated using Amdahl’s law [19] and Gunther’s law (or alternatively termed as Universal Scalability Law (USL))[20-22]. �� 1 �1 � �� , (1) �� , (2) 1�� 1��1� Amdahl’s Law Gunther’s Law where p = Parallel fraction of the program s = Serial fraction of the program k = Delay associated with concurrency N = Number of processors Fig. 8. Comparison of actual speed-up against Amdahl’s law and Gunther’s law
JetBench: An Open Source Real-Time Multiprocessor Benchmark 217 Amdahl’s law is useful in the situations to set an upper limit for the performance gain with increase of parallelization, this however does not take into account the drawbacks of aggressive parallelization such as excessive cache coherency delays, instruction execution, and thread scheduling delays etc. On the other hand Gunther’s law provides a more realistic picture in such situations. The results shown in Fig.8 complement the results in Fig. 6, as the throughput tends to decrease with the increase of parallelism beyond a certain limit, which however varies from platform to platform. 5 Conclusion In this paper, Jetbench an open-source, real-time multicore application benchmark has been presented. The application is designed to be platform independent by avoiding target specific libraries and hardware counters and timers. The application comprises of thermodynamic calculations of a jet engine, and processes user defined input data points with custom deadlines. The benchmark application was tested on a 16 core platform and has demonstrated its usefulness for deciding optimal number of threads, and provided timing information that could be used to deduce an estimate of CPU core utilization and the operating system’s real-time behaviour. Future work will include the testing of the benchmark on various architectures with and without thread prioritization. Also the application’s behaviour on an RTOS based platform is to be observed. JetBench is available from http://jetbench.sourceforge.net/. References [1] Morton, G.: MSP430 Competitive Benchmarking. Texas Instruments (2005) [2] Dagum, L., Menon, R., Inc, S.G.: OpenMP: an industry standard API for shared-memory programming. IEEE Computational Science & Engineering 5, 46–55 (1998) [3] Drepper, U., Molnar, I.: The native POSIX thread library for Linux. White Paper, Red Hat Inc. (2003) [4] Gropp, W., Lusk, E., Doss, N., Skjellum, A.: A high-performance, portable implementation of the MPI message passing interface standard. Parallel Computing 22, 789–828 (1996) [5] Uniejewski, J.: SPEC Benchmark Suite: Designed for today’s advanced systems. SPEC Newsletter (1989) [6] Weicker, R.P.: An overview of common benchmarks. Computer 23, 65–75 (1990) [7] Weicker, R.P.: Dhrystone: a synthetic systems programming benchmark. Communications of the ACM 27, 1013–1030 (1984) [8] Jin, H., Frumkin, M., Yan, J.: The OpenMP Implementation of NAS Parallel Benchmarks and Its Performance. NASA Ames Research Center (1999) [9] Gal-On, S., Levy, M.: Measuring Multicore Performance. Computer 41, 99–102 (2008) [10] Leteinturier, P., Levy, M.: The Challenges of Next Generation Automotive Benchmarks. Journal of Passenger Car: Electronic and Electrical Systems 116, 155–160 (2007) [11] Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems: selected papers by Lotfi A. Zadeh, vol. 6. World Scientific, Singapore (1996)
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5
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Volume Editors Christian Müller-Sc
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General Chair Organization Christia
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Organization IX Hartmut Schmeck Kar
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Keynote Table of Contents HyVM - Hy
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Table of Contents XIII JetBench:AnO
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130 M. Kayaalp et al. INSTRUCTION 1
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